Lecture 5

Question 1

Juxtaglomerular Cells (JG Cells)?

Answer 1

Have a lot of renin-secreting smooth muscle cells

Question 2

Stimulation of Renin Secretion?

Answer 2

-Decreased BP activates renal vascular receptor (baroreceptor) and increase renin
-Decreased BP also decrease GFR and delivery of Cl- to Macula Dense in distal tubule which increase renin
-Decreased BP causes a reflex activation of renal sympathetic nerves which increase renin

Question 3

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System plays an important role in?

Answer 3

Controlling Blood Pressure

Question 4

If Blood Pressure drops, what happens?

Answer 4

Release more Renin

Question 5

If Blood Pressure drops, what happens?

Answer 5

Release more Renin

Question 6

Water Intake = ?

Answer 6

Water output

Question 7

Control of Water Intake?

Answer 7

Primarily by Thirst
-Stimuli:
1) Increased Osmolality
2) Decreased Arterial Pressure
3) Decreased Blood Volume
4) Angiotensin II

Question 8

All stimuli that regulate ECF volume and osmolality?

Answer 8

1) Increased Osmolality
2) Decreased Arterial Pressure
3) Decreased Blood Volume

Question 9

Control of Water Output?

Answer 9

Primarily by ADH
-Stimuli:
1) Increased Osmolality
2) Decreased Arterial Pressure
3) Decreased Blood Volume
4) Angiotensin II
5) Trauma
6) Surgery
7) Drugs (ex. opiates and anesthetics)

Question 10

Increase Plasma Osmolality and Decrease Blood Pressure results in?

Answer 10

Thirst and ADH, which results in Water Retention

Question 11

(Control of Water Intake and Output)
Increased Plasma Osmolality?

Answer 11

Too much ions in H2O

Question 12

(Control of Water Intake and Output)
Decreased Blood Pressure?

Answer 12

Not enough volume

Question 13

(Control of Water Intake and Output)
Decreased Blood Pressure?

Answer 13

Not enough volume

Question 14

Sodium Retention makes you?

Answer 14

Gain weight

Question 15

As Na+ intake increases, Na+ excretion?

Answer 15

Increases but with a time delay

Question 16

Why is Acid-Base Balance in the Body Important?

Answer 16

Our diets contain many acids and bases; cellular catabolism of food stuffs produces majority of acids and bases in our bodies

Question 17

Bases normally lost in?

Answer 17

Feces

Question 18

Net effect of accumulation of acid?

Answer 18

In body fluids (vomit/urine)

Question 19

Acids?

Answer 19

Donate H+ ions

Question 20

Bases?

Answer 20

Receive H+ ions

Question 21

Strong Acids dissociate completely or almost completely into?

Answer 21

H+ and their conjugate base
(HA <–> H+ + A-)

Question 22

Weak Acids are only slightly?

Answer 22

Ionized in aqueous solutions

Question 23

Buffer?

Answer 23

Mixture of substances in aqueous solution that can resist changes in H+ ion concentration when SA or SB are added

Question 24

Buffers are usually a combination of?

Answer 24

Weak Acid and its Conjugate Base

Question 25

Acidity is determine by?

Answer 25

Activity of H+ ions in a solution

Question 26

Acidemia?

Answer 26

Arterial Blood pH <7.35

Question 27

Alkalemia?

Answer 27

Arterial Blood pH >7.45

Question 28

(Sources of Acid in the Body)
Cellular Metabolism (Main Source)?

Answer 28

-Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids (major)
-Oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids
-Oxidation of phospholipids/phosphoproteins
-Conversion of NH4Cl to Urea
-Anaerobic metabolism of glucose

Question 29

(Sources of Acid in the Body)
Cellular Metabolism (Main Source)
Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids?

Answer 29

Major
-Produces CO2
-Hydration of CO2 produces protons
-CO2 removed by lungs -Volatile Acid

Question 30

(Sources of Acid in the Body)
Cellular Metabolism (Main Source)
Oxidation of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids?

Answer 30

Cysteine + Methionine
-Produces sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
-Removed by kidneys - Fixed Acid

Question 31

(Sources of Acid in the Body)
Cellular Metabolism (Main Source)
Oxidation of Phospholipids/Phosphoproteins?

Answer 31

-Produces phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
-Removed by kidneys - Fixed Acid

Question 32

(Sources of Acid in the Body)
Cellular Metabolism (Main Source)
Conversion of NH4Cl to Urea?

Answer 32

Mainly produced by liver and kidney
-Produces HCl
-Removed by kidney - Fixed Acid

Question 33

(Sources of Acid in the Body)
Cellular Metabolism (Main Source)
Anaerobic metabolism of glucose?

Answer 33

-Produces Lactic Acid
-May be converted to CO2 - can be Volatile or Fixed

Question 34

(Acid-Base Balance)
Regulation of Body pH is achieved by?

Answer 34

1) Chemical Buffering (HCO3-) (immediate)
2) Respiratory Compensation (increased ventilation to control PCO2) (fastest)
3) Renal Compensation (more long-term by controlling bicarb in plasma and will remove bicarb to remove extra H+)

Question 35

(Acid-Base Balance)
Chemical Buffering?

Answer 35

-HCO3-
-Immediate

Question 36

(Acid-Base Balance)
Respiratory Compensation?

Answer 36

-Increased ventilation to control PCO2
-Fastest

Question 37

(Acid-Base Balance)
Renal Compensation?

Answer 37

-More long-term by controlling bicarb in plasma and will remove bicarb to remove extra H+

Question 38

(Acid-Base Balance)
Renal Compensation?

Answer 38

-More long-term by controlling bicarb in plasma and will remove bicarb to remove extra H+

Question 39

(Buffer Pairs)
HCO3-/CO2?

Answer 39

-Plasma, Interstitial, Cells
-Mainly ECF

Question 40

(Buffer Pairs)
Proteins/HnProteins?

Answer 40

-RBCs, Plasma, Cells (Hemoglobin and others)
-ECF + ICF

Question 41

(Buffer Pairs)
Phosphate/HnPhosphate?

Answer 41

-Intracellular
-ICF

Question 42

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation?

Answer 42

pH = pK + log ((A-)/(HA))