LECTURE 5

Question 1

How does one map a genome? (i.e. what do they use to create one)

Answer 1

look at genetic markers
we use maps (genetic and physical)

Question 2

What is the difference between genetic maps and physical maps?

Answer 2

Genetic maps: look at genetic markers on chromosomes (chromosomes recombination frequency)
Physical maps: in the genome complete dna sequence (map of complete dna sequence of a genome)

Question 3

Why do we complete genomic studies?

Answer 3

Evolutionary relationships
Genetic susceptibility to disease
Development

Question 4

What is the difference between the ability to create physical genome maps now (i.e. 2022) and forty years ago?

Answer 4

The impossible to the easily obtainable
we can create physical genome maps faster now

Question 5

The Human Genome Project began in the 1980s, what was accomplished by 1995? When was the entire genome completely sequenced?

Answer 5

1980’s - started
1995 - 94% of genome mapped
2003 - finished

Question 6

How easy it is now to map our own individual genome?

Answer 6

Cost a few hundred dollars, original project was 2.7 billion dollars (cheaper now)
(its easy)

Question 7

After the Human Genome Project was completed, it was found the number of genes in the human genome was _______________ genes. This represents only about 1.5 times as many genes as ______________ and nearly half as many genes as ______________. Fill in the blank.

Answer 7

20 thousand
fruit flies
rice

Question 8

Humans, _____________, and ______________ all have about the same number of genes, it just matters how they are expressed that make us different. Fill in the blanks.

Answer 8

mice and puffer fishes

Question 9

The Cancer Genome Project seeks the genetic basis of cancer. They have identified two categories of gene involved: oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. What occurs when (a) oncogenes or (b) tumor-suppressor genes mutate

Answer 9

oncogenes turn cancerous (gain of function)
tumor-surppressors surpress the cancer (loss of function)

Question 10

Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue. Mutations that are found in a tumor genome are divided into “driver” and “passenger” mutations. What is the difference between these two mutation types?

Answer 10

driver is the main reason for massive cell growth/progression of the stages within the tumor. Whereas the passenger mutations are natural and just occur whenever they want to in the tumor.

Question 11

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ (the intron section of DNA) constitutes around 24% of the genome (exon around 1-1.5%). Fill in the blank.

Answer 11

noncoding dna

Question 12

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are some regions of the chromosomes which remain highly condensed, tightly coiled, and untranscribed. Fill in the blank.

Answer 12

structural dna

Question 13

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ regions tend to be localized around the centromere or near the end of the chromosome (at the telomeres). Fill in the blank.

Answer 13

Constitutive heterochromatin

Question 14

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are scattered within the genome and are usually 1 to 5 nucleotides such as CA or CGG repeated thousands of times. Fill in the blank.

Answer 14

Simple sequence repeats

Question 15

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are blocks of genomic sequences of 10,000 to 30,000 bp that have been duplicated and moved either within chromosomes or to a nonhomologous chromosome. Fill in the blank.

Answer 15

Segmental duplicants

Question 16

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are inactive genes which may have lost function due to mutations. Fill in the blank.

Answer 16

Pseudogenes

Question 17

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are 45% of the human genome and consists of DNA sequences that can move from in the genome to another (some have the ability to transcribe proteins as well). Fill in the blank.

Answer 17

Transposable elements

Question 18

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are miRNA that regulate some of the complex developmental processes in eukaryotes by down-regulating translation (i.e. does not allow it to occur if present). Fill in the blank.

Answer 18

microRNA genes

Question 19

Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are noncoding RNA strands which also regulate gene expression and are important in the physiology and development of eukaryotes. Fill in the blank.

Answer 19

Long, noncoding rna

Question 20

According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, how do we decipher what the genetic sequence means (in theory)?

Answer 20

trick question, scientists dont know

Question 21

According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, which of these statements do not describe a step of genome sequencing?

Answer 21

steps:
scientists first have to break
the long string of DNA down into smaller pieces.

DNA binds to DNA
Each of these pieces is then separated in space
and sequenced individually,

that DNA binds to other DNA
if the sequences are the exact opposite of each other.
A’s bind to T’s,

Question 22

According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, what is the goal of genome sequencing?

Answer 22

knowing the sequence to a billion letters