Lecture 5 Flashcards
What kind of pump do fish use?
Buccal opercular pump
Describe unidirectional ventilation in fish
water runs past filaments (folded into lamellae) to optimize counter current flow
What is countercurrent flow
water flow perpendicular to blood flow
what respiratory surfaces do frogs have
the skin, the lungs and the lining of the mouth
What are features of respiration in spiders, scorpions etc
book lungs, cavity opens via spiracle, air diffuses into spiracle, gases cross lamellae to enter hemolymph
What is the tracheal system in insects
extensive network of thin walled tubes that branch throughout body
What are taenidia
spiral thickenings of cuticle, support and prevent collapse of trachea
What are features of bird respiratory system
2 lungs, 9 air sacs, most efficient verterbrage system, 2 breath system
What kind of flow do bird use
Cross current flow
Mammalian lungs consist of:
conducting airways, respiratory airways
What is type 1 alveolar cells
responsible for has exchange
Type 2 alveolar cells:
maintain fluid balance in lungs, secreting surfactants
Capillaries:
outer surface of alveoli are covered in extensive capillary network
Why do lungs contain stale air?
they are never fully emptied
Are inspiration and exhalation active or passive
inspiration is active, exhalation passive
What is the pleural sac
two layers of cells with small space between (plural cavity)
Why is there intrapleural pressure
helps keep airways open
What is lung compliance?
how easily lungs stretch during inhalation
High compliance =
easy inspiration
What are surfactants
reduce surface tension by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, produced by type 2 alveolar cells
What are the two internal chemoreceptoes in vertebrates
central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors
How do animals adjust respiratory rate based on blood
carotid bodies sense O2 concentrations going to brain, the aortix bodies monitor the levels going to body, central chemoreceptors sense CO2 concentrations
What is the response of high levels of CO2
chemoreceptoes stimulate motor neurons that activate respiratory kuscles to contract more
