Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the three main components of circulatory systems?

Answer 1

1. pump or propulsive structures
2. fluid that circulates through the system
3. system of tubes, channels or spaces

Question 2

What are the three types of pumps?

Answer 2

Contractile chamber, skeletal muscle and pulsating blood vessels

Question 3

What are contractile chambers?

Answer 3

The heart is composed of chambers which act as individual pumps

Question 4

How does skeletal muscle act as a pump?

Answer 4

may contract to propel flow

Question 5

What are pulsating blood vessels as pumps?

Answer 5

tube like hearts in invertebrates and early early vertebrate embryos

Question 6

how are the chambers arranged in a bony fish heart?

Answer 6

they are arranged in series

Question 7

how many chambers do amphibian hearts have?

Answer 7

3 chambers

Question 8

How many chambers do noncrocodilian reptile hearts have?

Answer 8

5 chambers

Question 9

What are some features of fish heart chambers?

Answer 9

They have serial contractile chambers, the valves are passive

Question 10

How many atria and ventricles do amphibians have?

Answer 10

Two atria and one ventricle

Question 11

why does the frog permit/withstand mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenating blood?

Answer 11

mixing is kept to a minimum from the way the heart is built, it also exchanges oxygen through the skin

Question 12

What chambers make up turtle, snake and lizard hearts?

Answer 12

Two atria and the ventricle that has the cavum venosum, cavum pulmonae, and cavum arteriosum

Question 13

What are the 4 systems that have evolved to supply oxygen to hearts of animals?

Answer 13

Coronary vessels, spongy myocardium, outer layer compact inner layer spongy, from lumen to coronary veins

Question 14

What are the two phases of the mammalian cardiac cycle?

Answer 14

Systole, disastole

Question 15

Vertebrate hearts are myogenic, what does this mean?

Answer 15

Autonomous contraction, no external input needed to contract

Question 16

Cardiomyocytes are electricslly coupled via _____________

Answer 16

gap junctions

Question 17

Cardiomyocytes connect at _________

Answer 17

intercalated disks

Question 18

gap junctions mediate _________

Answer 18

facilitated diffusion

Question 19

Where is the pacemaker in fish and in other vertebrates?

Answer 19

Sinus venosus in fish and SA node in right atrium

Question 20

what does the P wave represent?

Answer 20

Atrial depolarization

Question 21

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 21

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

Question 22

what does the T wave represent?

Answer 22

Ventricular repolarization

Question 23

What is Tachycardia?

Answer 23

Higher than normal heart rate

Question 24

What is Bradycardia?

Answer 24

Lower than normal heart rate

Question 25

What waves would you not see if atrial fibrillation occurs?

Answer 25

P wave and T wave, the atrium is disturbed

Question 26

What type of wave would you not see if ventricular fibrillation were to occur?

Answer 26

QRS complex, the ventricle is disturbed

Question 27

What would you see in the ECG waves if an AV block was occuring? What can this lead to?

Answer 27

P and QRS complex dissociated, leads to V fib

Question 28

What is a neurogenic heart?

Answer 28

Doesnt beat on its own, needs neural input to contract

Question 29

What are the 3 ways that the myogenic heart is controlled?

Answer 29

Nervous control, hormonal control, intrinsic control

Question 30

What is cardiac output formula?

Answer 30

Heart rate x stroke volume

Question 31

What does the frank starling mechanism imply about heart size?

Answer 31

A larger heart fills with more blood than a small heart