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Animal physiology 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 unifying themes/principles in physiological design?

A
  1. physiological processes obey laws of physics and chemistry
  2. physiological processes are usually regulated
  3. physiological phenotype is a product of the genotype and environment
  4. genotype is the product of evolution
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2
Q

What is the giraffe example for physical and chemical laws of physiological processes?

A

The giraffe has tight skin and thin legs to help pump blood back up to trunk, because of how tall it is, its harder to pump blood upwards.

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3
Q

What are the two ways that animals deal with a constantly changing environment?

A

External regulation
Endogenous (self imposed) regulation

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4
Q

What kind of controls are used in feedback loops to control homeostasis?

A

Antagonistic controls

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5
Q

Give an example of antagonistic controls ina feedback loop for elevated body temperature

A

The body is exposed to heat, body temperature rises, the body decreases heat producing pathways, and increases heat dissapation pathways until homeostasis is achieved

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6
Q

What are the two strategies for coping with changing conditions?

A

Conformers and regulators

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7
Q

What is a conformer?

A

Allow internal conditions to change with external conditions (example: ectotherms)

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8
Q

What is a regulator?

A

maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions- requires metabolic energy

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9
Q

What is genotype

A

genetic makeup

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10
Q

what is phenotype

A

morphology, physiology, behaviour

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11
Q

what is phenotypic plasticity?

A

single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environment

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12
Q

What are the main components if a membrane?

A

Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

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13
Q

What 3 kinds if lipids are in a membrane

A

phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols

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14
Q

What 2 kinds of proteins are in a membrane?

A

integral and peripheral

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15
Q

What two carbohydrates are in a membrane?

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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16
Q

True or false: The head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

False

17
Q

True or false: The tails of a phospholipid are nonpolar and hydrophobic

A

True

18
Q

Do double bonds in the fatty acid tails make the membrane more or less fluid?

A

Having more double bonds makes it more fluid

19
Q

Describe the function of a channel protein

A

Uses passive movement, it is a channel thats always open

20
Q

Describe the function of a transporter protein

A

Uses either active transport if it uses energy or facilitated diffusion if not. It opens on one end, grabs molecule, transforms and then lets it out on the other end

21
Q

Describe the function of an enzyme protein

A

catalyzes a chemical reaction

22
Q

Describe the function if a receptor protein

A

Binds to specific molecules and initiates a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism

23
Q

What is the function of a structural protein

A

attaches to other molecules or to the cell membrane to act as an anchor

24
Q

what molecules have an easier time getting through membranes?

A

Small uncharged molecules and lipid soluble substances

25
Q

What molecules need help to pass through membranes?

A

water soluble substances and ions

26
Q

In passive diffusion, what kind of molecule must it be?

A

Lipid soluble

27
Q

What are 4 types of channels that use facilitated diffusion?

A

Voltage gated channel
Stretch gated channel
Phosphorylation gated channel
Ligand gated channel

28
Q

Is there an electrical or chemical gradient, or both? Explain

A

There is both because sometimes molecules will want to move to reach equilibrium, but charged ions also want to move

29
Q

Name the 4 receptor types talked about i lecture

A

Ligand gated channel
G-protein coupled
Enzyme/enzyme linked
Intracellular

30
Q

Describe a ligand gated channel receptor

A

Acts as a receptor and channel, needs a ligand to open the gate

31
Q

Describe the process if a g protein coupled receptor

A

Ligand binds to g protein coupled receptor, activates g protein, intracellular effects or more commonly interacts with another membrane protein

32
Q

Describe the process of enzyme linked receptors

A

Ligand binds, activates catalytic site on the same molecule, this causes production of the second messenger cyclic GMP

33
Q

Describe the process of intracellular receptor

A

The ligand is a hormone so it can go through the membrane, it binds to receptor, activates it, in the nucleus it binds to DNA to cause change in gene expression

Animal physiology 1 (8 decks)

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