Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the 4 unifying themes/principles in physiological design?

Answer 1

1. physiological processes obey laws of physics and chemistry
2. physiological processes are usually regulated
3. physiological phenotype is a product of the genotype and environment
4. genotype is the product of evolution

Question 2

What is the giraffe example for physical and chemical laws of physiological processes?

Answer 2

The giraffe has tight skin and thin legs to help pump blood back up to trunk, because of how tall it is, its harder to pump blood upwards.

Question 3

What are the two ways that animals deal with a constantly changing environment?

Answer 3

External regulation
Endogenous (self imposed) regulation

Question 4

What kind of controls are used in feedback loops to control homeostasis?

Answer 4

Antagonistic controls

Question 5

Give an example of antagonistic controls ina feedback loop for elevated body temperature

Answer 5

The body is exposed to heat, body temperature rises, the body decreases heat producing pathways, and increases heat dissapation pathways until homeostasis is achieved

Question 6

What are the two strategies for coping with changing conditions?

Answer 6

Conformers and regulators

Question 7

What is a conformer?

Answer 7

Allow internal conditions to change with external conditions (example: ectotherms)

Question 8

What is a regulator?

Answer 8

maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions- requires metabolic energy

Question 9

What is genotype

Answer 9

genetic makeup

Question 10

what is phenotype

Answer 10

morphology, physiology, behaviour

Question 11

what is phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 11

single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environment

Question 12

What are the main components if a membrane?

Answer 12

Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

Question 13

What 3 kinds if lipids are in a membrane

Answer 13

phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols

Question 14

What 2 kinds of proteins are in a membrane?

Answer 14

integral and peripheral

Question 15

What two carbohydrates are in a membrane?

Answer 15

glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 16

True or false: The head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

Answer 16

False

Question 17

True or false: The tails of a phospholipid are nonpolar and hydrophobic

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Do double bonds in the fatty acid tails make the membrane more or less fluid?

Answer 18

Having more double bonds makes it more fluid

Question 19

Describe the function of a channel protein

Answer 19

Uses passive movement, it is a channel thats always open

Question 20

Describe the function of a transporter protein

Answer 20

Uses either active transport if it uses energy or facilitated diffusion if not. It opens on one end, grabs molecule, transforms and then lets it out on the other end

Question 21

Describe the function of an enzyme protein

Answer 21

catalyzes a chemical reaction

Question 22

Describe the function if a receptor protein

Answer 22

Binds to specific molecules and initiates a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism

Question 23

What is the function of a structural protein

Answer 23

attaches to other molecules or to the cell membrane to act as an anchor

Question 24

what molecules have an easier time getting through membranes?

Answer 24

Small uncharged molecules and lipid soluble substances

Question 25

What molecules need help to pass through membranes?

Answer 25

water soluble substances and ions

Question 26

In passive diffusion, what kind of molecule must it be?

Answer 26

Lipid soluble

Question 27

What are 4 types of channels that use facilitated diffusion?

Answer 27

Voltage gated channel Stretch gated channel Phosphorylation gated channel Ligand gated channel

Question 28

Is there an electrical or chemical gradient, or both? Explain

Answer 28

There is both because sometimes molecules will want to move to reach equilibrium, but charged ions also want to move

Question 29

Name the 4 receptor types talked about i lecture

Answer 29

Ligand gated channel G-protein coupled Enzyme/enzyme linked Intracellular

Question 30

Describe a ligand gated channel receptor

Answer 30

Acts as a receptor and channel, needs a ligand to open the gate

Question 31

Describe the process if a g protein coupled receptor

Answer 31

Ligand binds to g protein coupled receptor, activates g protein, intracellular effects or more commonly interacts with another membrane protein

Question 32

Describe the process of enzyme linked receptors

Answer 32

Ligand binds, activates catalytic site on the same molecule, this causes production of the second messenger cyclic GMP

Question 33

Describe the process of intracellular receptor

Answer 33

The ligand is a hormone so it can go through the membrane, it binds to receptor, activates it, in the nucleus it binds to DNA to cause change in gene expression