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MGM Exam 2 (C) > Lecture 41: Fatty Acid Synthesis and Obesity > Flashcards

Lecture 41: Fatty Acid Synthesis and Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What are ways in which people can fight obesity?

A

Diet and Exercise
Prescription weight loss medication
Bariatric surgery

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2
Q

What is gastric bypass?

A

It is when the size of the stomach is reduced via surgery. It has 50-70% success in patients five years later.

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3
Q

How do you acquire lipids in adipose tissue?

A
  1. ingestion of lipids

2. ingestion of carbohydrates

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4
Q

Triglyceride absorption is _______.

A

Indirect

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5
Q

Where and what first break down are triglycerides?

A

Lingual lipase in the oral cavity

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6
Q

Triglycerides are converted which two types of molecules?

A
  1. fatty acid

2. beta monoacylglycerol

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7
Q

After the triglycerides are converted to fatty acids and beta monoacylglycerol, where are the compounds converted back to triglycerols?

A

mucosal cells

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8
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

They are a type of plasma lipoprotein.

They are loaded with triglycerides and travel through the lymphatic system.

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9
Q

What enzyme hydrolyzes chylomicrons as they arrive at adipose/ muscle (etc.) tissue?

A

Lipoprotein lipase (hydrolyzes the triglyceride portion)

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10
Q

Fatty acids made from lipoprotein lipase can be used in which two ways?

A
  1. oxidized in muscle for energy

2. stored as (reconverted) triglycerides in adipose tissue

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11
Q

T/F: Fatty acids are used during exercise and when “relaxing”.

A

False. Fatty acids are used only during rigorous exercise.

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12
Q

Why can patients not eat 8-10 hours before blood testing?

A

There will be chylomicrons in the blood which make it appear milky. Also, it will cause problems when testing for enzymes.

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13
Q

What is Orlistat?

A

Orlistat is a drug that is prescribed to patients that have high levels of triglycerides in their blood.

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14
Q

What is a side effect of Orlistat?

A

Since essential fatty acids (i.e. derived from plants) are triglycerides, Orlistat inhibits the absorption of these essential triglycerides, as well.

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15
Q

What is Lovaza?

A

It is ethyl esters of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids.

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16
Q

What is the difference between Orlistat and Lovaza?

A

Orlistat inhibits the absorption of triglycerids. EPA/ DHA inhibit the synthesis of triacyl glycerol in the liver. They might also stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase and inhibit acyl CoA.

17
Q

T/F: Olestra is not broken down by pancreatic lipase.

A

True. It is too big so pancreatic lipase cannot handle it. It causes diarrhea.

18
Q

How does carbons of acetyl CoA go from the mitochondria to the cytosol?

A

They need shuttles like citrate translocase which moves citrate from mitochondria to cytosol.

19
Q

Once citrate is in the cytosol it is cleave by ________ which makes it into acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.

A

citrate lyase

20
Q

What three substrates get together to form fatty acids?

A

acetyl CoA (glucose)

malonyl CoA

NADPH (hexose monophosphate shunt)

21
Q

What is the importance of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) in fatty acid synthesis?

A

It is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. It controls the rate at which fatty acids are synthesized.

22
Q

In prokaryotes,what are the three different components of ACC?

A

Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) which carries CO2.

Biotin Carboxylase which takes bicarbonate and puts it in BCCP and carboxylates it.

Transcarboxylase (TC) adds acetyl CoA to BCCP-CO2 and makes Malonyl CoA.

23
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic versus eukaryotic ACC?

A

ACC is a multi unit protein in eukaryotes and is found on a single polypeptide chain.

In prokaryotes, there are three distinct proteins.

24
Q

What is the significance of CO2 in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Bicarbonate is used to activate acetyl CoA so it is important in activation and removal.

25
Q

What is the importance of fatty acid synthase?

A

Fatty Acid Synthase makes fatty acids from acetyl CoA, malonyl CoA and NADPH.

26
Q

What is the structure of fatty acid synthase and how is it different in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

A

It has 6 different enzyme activites and ACP (acyl carrier protein) in prokaryotes but is one unit in eukaryotes.

27
Q

Although acyl carrier protein and coenzyme A look alike, what is the difference between the two?

A

ACP is used for fatty acid synthesis and coenzyme A is used for fatty acid oxidation.

28
Q

What are acetyl- SACP and malonyl SACP combined to form?

A

Acetoacetyl SACP

29
Q

What needs to be done to Acetoacetyl SACP to form beta hydroxybutyrl- SACP?

A

reduction reaction

30
Q

After beta hydroxybutyryl is dehydrated what compound is formed?

A

Crotonyl SACP or Enoyl SACP?

31
Q

What type of reaction occurs to convert crotonyl SACP/ enoyl SACP to butyryl SACP?

A

Reduction Reaction

32
Q

Which compound continues to be added to add two carbons to the fatty acid for every reaction?

A

Malonyl SACP

33
Q

Which enzyme cleaves the fatty acid once it reaches 16 Carbons?

A

thioesterase

34
Q

What is the role of citrate in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis?

A

It is used to form polymers (activated form) of ACC. In the presence palmitoyl CoA and malonyl CoA, the polymer is converted back to the inactive form.

35
Q

The ACC dimer can be inactivated by phosphorylation by AMP protein kinase which is coupled to ______.

A

high concentration of glucagon in plasma

36
Q

If citrate is added to ACC and glucose is ingested (increasing insulin and activating protein phosphatase 2) what will be formed?

A

Highly active ACC polymer

37
Q

T/F: In eukaryotes, we can put double bonds after the 9-10 carbon.

A

False. Mammals cannot introduce double bonds beyond C-9.

38
Q

What are two essential fatty acids?

A

Linolenate and linoeate

39
Q

Why is linolenic and linoleic acid so important?

A

It produces arachidonic acid which is essential for cell membranes.

MGM Exam 2 (C) (11 decks)

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