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KNES 372 > Lecture 4 sports injury and healing process > Flashcards

Lecture 4 sports injury and healing process Flashcards

1
Q

Sport injury

A
  • Tissue damage/derangemetn of normal physical function
  • Generally due to external forces (transfer of kinetic energy)
  • sport injury can to all tissues: vessels, muscle, ligament, cartilage, nerve, etc.
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2
Q

Mode of onset

A
  • Injury may result from a clear acute mechanism (acute injury), clear repetitive mechanism (overuse injury), or from a combination of both mechanism.
  • Acute injury → Sudden onset (single event)
  • Overuse injury → Gradual onset (repetitive)
  • Overuse injury → Sudden onset (single event / repetitive)
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3
Q

Direct contact injury

A

Contact with another player/object

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4
Q

Indirect contact injury

A

Through another athlete/ an object

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5
Q

Noncontact injury

A

Without any contact from another external source

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6
Q

Soft-tissue injuries

A

cartilage injuries, muscle injuries, tendon injuries, and ligament injuries

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7
Q

Skeletal injuries

A

bone fractures, other bone injuries

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8
Q

Acute injuries

A

bleeding(hematoma)

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9
Q

Articular cartilage

A

flexible cartilage, provides smooth surface for joint movement (end of bones)

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10
Q

fibrocartilage

A

a tough cartilage, able to absorb loads (e.g., discs of the spine, meniscus)

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11
Q

tendon

A

muscle -> bone

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12
Q

enthesis

A

Junction between a tendon/ligament and a bone

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13
Q

Ligament

A

Bone -> Bone

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14
Q

Sprain

A

ligament and joint injuries

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15
Q

strain

A

Muscle injury

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16
Q

fracture

A

Bone injury

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17
Q

Rupture

A

organ, muscle, tendon injuries

18
Q

Stiffness

A

Ability of a tissue to resist a load

19
Q

Yield point

A

indicates the limit of elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour

20
Q

Creep

A

Deformation in the shape/properties of a tissue that occurs under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses

21
Q

Four stages of wound healing

A

Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodelling

22
Q

Hemostasis

A

-Stop the leak!
* Process to prevent and stop bleeding
when injury occurs → Results in formation of a clot

  • Steps:
  • Vascular spasm
  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Blood clotting (coagulation cascade)
  • Formation of the final clot
  • Platelet release growth factors
23
Q

Inflammation

A
  • Clean up!
  • Defensive response of tissues to a physical or chemical injury, or bacterial infection
  • Recruitment of cells to destroy debris and bacteria:
  • Neutrophils – for the first 48 hours
  • Macrophages – peak around 48–72 hours
  • Lymphocytes – appear after 72 hours
  • Indicated by redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and dysfunction
24
Q

Proliferation

A
  • Rebuild!
  • Healing over, rebuilding new tissue
  • angiogenesis, fibroblast migration, epithelialization, wound retraction
25
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels, restore blood flow

26
Q

Fibroblast migration

A
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibres and elastin
  • Results= granulation tissue which replaces the clot
27
Q

Epithelialization

A

Epithelial cells cover denuded epithelial surface

28
Q

Wound retraction

A

Contraction of the wound

29
Q

Remodelling

A
  • Increase tissue strength!
  • Granulation tissue matures into scar
  • This stage may last several months-years – important implication for return to sport
  • Form and functions of the scar tissue depend on loading during this stage
  • Never achieve the same level of tissue strength than before injury!
30
Q

Rehabilitation

A
  • Bone and soft tissue respond to loading -> remodel accordingly
  • healing structures need to be exposed to progressive loads.
31
Q

Wound healing

A
  • Hemostasis: minutes/hours
  • Inflammation: days
  • Proliferation: weeks
  • Remodelling: months/years
32
Q

Important factors in wound healing

A
  • Nutrition
  • Hypoxia
  • Infection
  • Immunosuppression
  • Chronic disease
  • Wound management
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Surgical technique
33
Q

Early treatment of acute soft tissue injuries

A

Too much bleeding slows healing
* Goals:
* Limit bleeding
* Limit swelling
* Relieve pain
* Improve conditions for
subsequent treatment and
healing

34
Q

Acute injury management

A

PEACE/LOVE

35
Q

PEACE

A
  • Protect: unload or restrict movement for 1-3 days
  • Elevate: elevate the limb higher than the heart
  • Avoid: NSAID’s and ice
  • Compress: helps limit deem and hematoma
  • Educate: educate patients on the benefits of active approach to recovery
36
Q

LOVE

A
  • Load: active approach with movement and exercise benefits most patients
  • Optimism: optimistic patient expectations are associated with better outcomes
  • Vascularization: cardiovascular activity is a cornerstone in the management of injuries
  • Exercise: exercises help to restore mobility, strength and proprioception early after injury
37
Q

Old acronyms

A

PRICE and POLICE
(Protect,rest,ice,compression,elevation)
- also used for acute management

38
Q

Stages of tissue healing

A

acute stage, subacute stage, chronic stage

39
Q

Acute stage

A

Days
- PEACE
- (POLICE, PRICE)

40
Q

Subacute stage

A

(rehabilitation stage)
weeks
- LOVE

41
Q

Chronic stage

A

(training stage)
Months
- LOVE

42
Q

Acute stage- 2

A
  • DO NO HARM!
  • ESSENTIAL that treatment begins as soon as possible!
  • In the 3 days following acute injury, avoid:
  • Heat – hot baths, hot showers, saunas, heat packs
  • Moderate-Vigorous-strenuous activity – e.g., walking briskly, running
  • Massage

KNES 372 (10 decks)

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