Lecture 3 Injury Prevention

Question 1

Why is sport injury prevention important?

Answer 1

Prevent injury to play more and be mentally stable. Keep the performance the same or elevate it. Quality of life. Keep cost low for health costs.

Question 2

Injuries in youth sport and recreation

Answer 2

• 1 in every 3 youth (aged 11-18) in Canada seek medical attention for a sport-related injury every year
• Lower extremity injuries (60%) and concussions (20%)
  
  • LE injuries: 60% knee and ankle
  • Concussions: Hockey and rugby over 50%
• Highest burden –> hockey (10%), basketball (10%), soccer (10%)

Question 3

Consequences of sport injuries

Answer 3

Decrease: Participation in S&R, school/work attendance, physical activity
Increase: Overweight/obesity + other health implications, osteoarthritis(ankle and knee joint injuries)
- Psychosocial consequences
- Health care and indirect costs are high

Question 4

Are there any other consequences

Answer 4

• Sport mastery and associated opportunities (U Sports, NCAA,Pro)
• 65% with ACL reconstruction for a total rupture played at the same level 3 years after (*in professional male Soccer).
• In elite athletes, at 2 years after ACLR surgery, 79.6% were still playing,
  51% at the same level.
  Sporting organization: price of tickets or performance increase. League position and funding, crowd/gate receipts, commercial deals.

Question 5

Step Sequence o injury prevention research

Answer 5

1. Establish the extent of the injury problem
2. Find the mechanisms and risk factors(cause)
3. Introduce a preventive measure
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of intervention

Question 6

Modifiable risk factors

Answer 6

Balance, flexibility, strength, aerobic fitness, training load

Question 7

Non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 7

Age, sex, previous injury

Question 8

Levels of prevention

Answer 8

Primary prevention
secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

Question 9

Primary prevention

Answer 9

Intervening before health effects occur

Question 10

Secondary prevention

Answer 10

Early detection of injury

Question 11

Tertiary prevention

Answer 11

Control against consequences, rehabilitation

Question 12

Evidence based sport injury prevention strategies

Answer 12

Training strategies
Rule modification- mandatory medicals
Equipment

Question 13

Strategies used in sport injury prevention studies

Answer 13

• Training programs to improve
  fitness/movement quality (n=64)
• New or modified sport equipment (n=33)
• New or modified rules (n=19)
• Education (n=14)
• Training programs to improve
  psychological and/or cognitive skills
  (n=6)
• Policy change (n=5)
• Multi-component/multiple interventions (n=14)

Question 14

What are the aims of neuromuscular training?

Answer 14

• Automatic patterns, improve prprioception
• prevent injury
• Improve neuromuscular control and functional joint stability
• improve technique and skills

Question 15

NMT programs

Answer 15

Regular neuromuscular training can reduce injury rates up to 70%

Question 16

Why is technique important?

Answer 16

Poor technique can increase the load on muscles and ligaments. overloading them, leading to injury

Question 17

Soccer NMT warm-up program and basketball NMT warm-up

Answer 17

1. forward run with direction changes: controlling centre of gravity, knee position when changing direction
2. squat: helps with glute acitvation all prevention exercise
3. lunges: allows you to shape almost any muscle in the lower body

Question 18

How many hours and repetitions in a year?

Answer 18

• Pre-season may-august: 4-5 team practices per week
• Game season September-march: 3-4 team practices, 3 morning and 1-2 games per week
• 10-20 minute warm up(before) and cool-down(after) game

Question 19

Training load and injury

Answer 19

Association between injuries and…
- rapid increases in training loads
- insufficient practice vs. competition
- too little variation in training load (monotony)
- spikes in training load

Question 20

What us training load?

Answer 20

• Intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise
• specific to the exercise type
• external training load vs internal
• work performed, how body reacts to the training, specific to each training exercise

Question 21

Structure specific training load

Answer 21

Sum of movement and structure specific loads(e.g., step, throw, jump, direction change)
Different between individuals

Question 22

Sport specialization and LE injuries

Answer 22

• High School athletes (n=1544), one school-year follow-up
• Sport specialization scale – three questions:
• Have you quit another sport to focus on your primary sport?
• Do you consider your primary sport more important than your other sports?
• Do you train more than 8 months a year in your primary sport?
• Athletes are classified as
• Low (score = 0-1)
• Moderate (score = 2), or
• High (score = 3) specialization