Lecture 4- Skull, Face, Scalp Flashcards
The… are cranial bones to protect brain
neurocranium
The…. are facial bones to protect airway
viscerocranium
Vertical foramina of face… which are innervated by…
- supraorbital
- infraorbital
- mental
- CNV (1,2, and 3)
The opening of the nasal cavity is also called the…
piriform aperture
What is the pterion?
a point where 4 bones intersect meaning its weaker
Damage to the pterion can cause what?
-hemorrhage of middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary)
The coronal suture is between
frontal and parietal bones
The sagittal suture is between
2 parietal bones
The squamosal suture is between
parietal and temporal
The lambdoidal is between
parietal/temporal and occipital bones
Bregma embryologically was the…
anterior fontanelle
Lambda embryologically was the…
posterior fontanelle
The roof of the orbit of the eye is the…
Frontal bone
The lateral wall border of the orbit of the eye is the…
Zygomatic bone
The floor and part of medial wall border of the orbit of the eye is the…
Maxilla bone
The rest of the medial wall border of the orbit of the eye is…
Lacrimal and Ethmoid bones
The posterior wall border of the orbit of the eye is the…
Spenoid bone
How many foramen/fissure/grooves does the orbit of the eye contain? and what are they?
- 5
1. Supraorbital foramen
2. Optic canal
3. Superior orbital fissure
4. Inferior orbital fissure
5. Lacrimal groove
What makes up the nasal cavity roof?
Nasal bones, Frontal sinus, Ethmoid, Spenoid sinus
What makes up the floor and lateral wall boundary of the nasal cavity?
Maxillary bones
What makes up the floor boundary of the nasal cavity?
Palatine horizontal plate
What makes up the medial wall boundary of the nasal cavity?
Vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bones and nasal septum
What transmits through the cribiform plate?
CNI (olfactory n.)
What transmits through the optic canal?
CNII (optic) and opthalmic a.
What transmits through the Superior orbital fissure?
CNIII, IV, VI and CNV1 (opthalmic n.)
What transmits through foramen rotundum?
CNV2 (maxillary n.)
What transmits through foramen ovale?
CNV3 (mandibular n.)
What transmits through foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
What transmits through foramen lacerum?
ICA (enter cranial vault here)
What transmits through jugular foramen?
IJV
CN IX, X, XI
What transmits through internal acoustic meatus?
CNVII and VIII
What transmits through stylomastoid foramen?
CNVII
What transmits through hypoglossal canal?
CNXII
What transmits through foramen magnum?
vertebral arteries, spinal cord
What transmits through carotid canal?
ICA (enter skull here)
The scalp extends from the… to…
external occipital protuberance to nasion (superior to orbital rim)
The layers of SCALP are…
- skin
- connective tissue (dense)
- aponeurotic layer
- loose connective tissue
- pericranium
Superficial scalp wounds into connective tissue layer tend to bleed… if unconcious, may bleed to death from a … injury
- profusely (b/c well vascularized)
- ‘minor’
Deep wounds into the aponeurotic layer of the scalp tend to…
gape widely
The aponeurotic layer of the scalp is connecting what two muscles?
frontalis and occipitalis
The scalp is supplied by 3 branches of the ECA and 2 branches of the opthalmic (which is from ICA)
ECA: 1. superifical temporal 2. Posterior auricular 3. Occipital Opthalmic/ICA: 1. Supratrochlear 2. Supraorbital
6 sensory nerves of the scalp (CN and spinal innervation)
- supratrochlear V1
- supraorbital V1
- Zygomatic temporal V2
- Auriculotemporal V3
- Lesser occipital C2, C3
- Greater occipital C2
The loose connective tissue of the scalp is the “…” space because infections spread easily from extracranial to intracranial through…. and fluid can move anteriorly into…
- danger
- emissary veins
- eyelids and root of nose
Action of occipitofrontalis muscle
moves scalp back and forward
occipitalis + galea aponeurotica+frontalis
Action of the 3 auricularis mm. (anterior, superior, posterior)
protract, elevate and retract ears
Muscles of facial expression attach to… and act by pulling the… and also surround the orifices of the face acting as ….
- bone or fascia
- skin
- sphincters and dilators
Orbicularis Oculi muscle has a … portion and a …. portion and it’s action is to…
- orbital
- palpebral (eyelid)
- close eye
The corrugator supercilii is an eye muscle that is found… and its action is to…
- deep
- draw eyebrow in (frown)
Action of frontalis
raise eyebrow (surprise)
The procerus muscle is located on the… and its action is to…
- bridge of nose
- wrinkle the nose
The Nasalis muscle has 2 parts called… and its actions are to…
- transverse and alar part
- compress and dilate nostrils
The action of the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
dilates nostril
The… muscle will be large with broad noses and may not even be present with narrow noses
depressor septi nasi
Action of orbicularis oris
closes mouth
Action of levator labii superioris
elevates upper lip
Action on zygomaticus major/minor
draws mouth up
Action of depressor anguli oris
depresses angle of mouth
Action of depressor labii inferioris
depresses lower lip
Action of risorius
retracts corner of mouth
action of mentalis
protrudes lower lip
3 deep muscles of the mouth region
- buccinator
- levator anguli oris
- depressor labii inferioris
Action of the buccinator
compresses cheek and assists with mastication
Action of levator anguli oris
elevates angle of mouth
Action of labii inferioris
depresser lower lip
Action of temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible
Action of masseter
elevates and clenches mandible
Action of medial pterygoid
elevates, protracts and rotates mandible
Action of lateral pterygoid
protrudes and rotates mandible; opens mouth
The masseteric nerve and artery get to the masseter through the..
mandibular notch
The lateral pterygoid attaches to the… of lateral plate
lateral surface
The medial pterygoid attaches to the… of the lateral plate
medial surface
Between the pterygoids is the… which are exiting the skull through foramen ovale and also a lot of branches of maxillary artery
CNV3
Sensory innervation to face an scalp
CNV
Sensory innervation of back of head, ears and jaw
cervical (C2,3)
Motor innervation to mm. of facial expression
CNVII
Motor innervation of MOM
CNV3
4 branches of CNV1 (ophthalmic division)
- Supratrochlear
- Supraorbital
- Infratrochlear
- External nasal
3 branches of CNV2 (maxillary division)
- Zygomaticotemporal
- Infraorbital
- Zygomaticofacial
3 branches of CNV3 (mandibular division)
- Mental
- Buccal
- Auriculotemporal
The parotid duct is called… duct and it crosses the…. 1-2cm below zygomatic arch and then turns 90 degrees to pierce… and then opens into the oral cavity opposite the… and this area is marked by elevated…
- stensens
- masseter
- buccinator
- 2nd molar
- parotid papilla
Parotid gland can have…. formation caused by dehydration and are extremely painful because the connective tissue around the gland is tough and confining
calculus
The parotid gland can also have a…. most of these close spontaneously but ligations are possible
salivary fistula (opening from internal to surface)
The parotid gland can get…. 85-90% of mixed tumors involve the parotid gland
Neoplasms
… syndrome is associated with the parotid gland which is gustatory sweating (if portion of gland is removed, autonomic stim. gets crosswired so that when you should be salivating you sweat instead)
Frey’s
The… nerve passes through the parotid gland so it is in danger during a parotidectomy
CNVII (facial)
-damage results in paralysis of facial mm. on affected side
Immediately before the parotid gland, the facial nerve divides into these 2 branches
temporofacial and cervicofacial
The branches of facial nerve are….
To zanzibar by motor car
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal Mandibular
- Cervical
- Posterior auricular (comes off before the 2 main divisions temporofacial and cervicofacial)
Immediately after Posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve is the branch that supplies …. and…
posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscles
CNVII (facial) exits the skull through
stylomastoid foramen
… is the most common non traumatic cause of facial paralyis
bells palsy
Facial nerve paralysis results in…
- softening in wrinkles of forehead
- drooping of eyelid and eyebrow
- corner of mouth droops
- drooling and tearing
The buccal fat pad is found anterior to the… muscle but covers the… muscle which is located medially
- masseter
- buccinator
The buccal fat pad’s function is to provide protection to… and helps give cheeks a fuller appearance
-parotid gland and CNVII
There are …. nerves related to the buccinator muscle
2
…, which runs lateral to masseter, provides motor innervation to buccinator
buccal branch of CNVII (facial)
… provides sensory innervation to buccal mucosa and skin of cheek and pierces buccinator but does not supply it
buccal branch of CNV3 (also called long buccal)
The… artery and vein both run anterior to ear to temporal region and they travel with auriculotemporal nerve
superficial temporal
Superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of
maxillary artery
Superficial temporal vein drains into…
retromandibular vein
Transverse facial artery and vein are branches of… and they cross … muscle between… and…
- superficial temporal vessels
- masseter
- zygomatic arch and parotid duct
The transverse facial artery supplies …,…and… muscle
parotid gland, parotid duct and masseter muscle
Facial artery is torturous and… to facial vein
-anterior and inferior
The facial artery and vein cross the… muscle at the anterior border
masseter (facial pulse can be palpated here)
Facial artery gives off branches to lips called… and then continues to…angle of eye and continues as..
-superior and inferior labial aa.
-medial
-angular a.
(veins have same branches)
The lymphatic drainage of head and neck is… and drains … to…
drains inferiorly… to … and ultimately goes to the… on R and … on L
- ipsilateral
- medial to lateral
- superficial to deep
- Lymphatic duct
- thoracic duct
The… nodes are associated with the IJV
deep cervical
