Lecture 4 Review Questions Flashcards
describe the general path of information (and what the information is) from each area of the brain to its final destination in the hippocampus:
- Prestriate
- Inferotemporal & PFC
- Posterior Parietal
- Entorhinal
- Prestriate - Postrhinal/parahippocampal - WHERE
- Inferotemporal & PFC - Perirhinal - WHAT
- Posterior Parietal - Postrhinal/parahippocampal - ALL
describe the “ideal” path of all information once it reaches the hippocampus
- Perforant path (input into the RC)
- Dentate Gyrus (processes space, context, time)
- CA3 (encoding & retrieval of associations, match-mistmatch comparison of new stimuli with LTM, pattern completion)
- CA1 (LTM for space, temporal ordering, communicating with cortex for remote memory storage)
- Subiculum (output to Rhinal Cortex and Neocortex)
How are representations of learning experiences “linked” or “bound” together to form a memory trace for events?
- Sight of new stimulus (visual)
- Pain of new stimulus (somatosensory)
- From tough thru Thalamaus to Sensory Cortex: Spinothalamic tract
- nocioreceptors
- dorsal root ganglion cells
- spinal cord
- ventral posterior nuclear complex (thalamus)
- cerebrum (somatosensory cortex) - From sensory cortex to association cortex
- regions of the somatosensory cortex (specifically 3B!!! which is a direct projection to the association cortex)
- convergence of sensory signals in assoc. cortex (input from thalamus - 3b - output to posterior parietal cortex) - In the posterior parietal cortex:
- what = light bulb and pain
- where = on the finger
- association = lightbulb hurts on the finger - Finally to memory: Rhinal Cortex to Hippocampus because it was high frequency and high stimulation
How does high intensity or high frequency input onto hippocampal neurons create long lasting changes in the responsiveness of the neurons?
- A stimulation electrode is placed on the neurons and a recording electrode is placed on another set that is known to receive projections from the first
- A weak test stimulation produces an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- After a strong burst of stimulation, the original test was repeated and the EPSP from the postsynapitc cell was recorded. Long term potentiation was the result
What does Associativity mean?
Inputs active or firing at the same time become associated or wired together so that the response produced by one will also be produced by the other
How are traces of memory stored within the brain?
Traces of memory are stored within the brain through structural modifications of synaptic connections which result in changes in synaptic efficiency that lead to formations of new patterns of neural activity
What are the first and second messengers for activation?
- Na2+
2. Ca2+
What 3 processes does calcium entry cause?
- More postsynaptic AMAP receptors
- Increased release of neurotransmitters
- Synaptogenesis
What is the functional significance of calcium entry?
- CamKII is phosphorylated
- CamKII is attached to anchoring proteins PSD95 (post synaptic density)
- Then they’re positioned to bind “linking proteins”
- The linking proteins provide the foundation for new ampa receptors to be inserted
What happened to the mice who had CamKII blocked? And why?
Even though they had ca2+, they didn’t have any activation of CamKII so there was not heightened response to glu and therefore no potentiation
How were the mice measured and what were the three groups?
Measured by the % of the group that acquired the task
3 groups: wild type (control), transgenic + dox, transgenic
