Lecture 4 - Quantitative variation 2 Flashcards
How does the number of loci affect the distribution of a quantitative phenotype?
More loci - more continuous the range of phenotypes
What is phenotypic variatiance?
How much of the phenotypic variation is explained by the genotype and how much by the environemnt
-Vp
What is the symbol for phenotypic variance?
Vp
What is phenotypic variation due to?
- Genetics
- Environment
- Interaction between genes and the environment (different genes may react differently to different environments)
What two exmaples demonstrate phenotypic variation in quantitative traits?
- Corolla length in longflower tobacco (genetics)
- Yarrow height, depnding on location (environment)
How do Yarrow show phenotypic variation?
Vary in height depending on their location
Clausen experiment
Measured heights at
-Stanford (30m above sea level) - tallest but most variable
-Mather (1400m above sea level) - middle height
-Timberline (3050m above sea level) - smallest
How can we disentangle genetic and environmental effects?
- transplant experiments
- common garden experiments
- twin studies
Describe the components of phenotypic variation (Vp) when plants are grown in two trays: one in a Normal uniform nutrient solution and one that is deficient (in terms of VG and VE)
- within each tray, phenotypic variation is mostly to do with genetic variation (VG)
- between trays it is mostly to do with environmental variation (nutrient availability) - (VE)
Therefore VP = VG + VE
What is the symbol for genetic variance?
VG
What is the symbol for environmental variance?
VE
What is the equation for VP (in terms of VG and VE)?
VP = VG + VE + V(GXE)
How does a shared environment affect phenotypes?
A shared environment increased phenotypic resemblance e.g. units of pigment shows a more continuous range of phenotypes (typical bell curve) when in a shared environment
What components affect genetic variation?
VA = additive genetic variance (effects of allele substitutions) VD = dominance genetic variance (effects of allelic interactions at the same locus) VI = epistasis/interaction genetic variance (effect of interactions between different loci)
What is dominance genetic variance?
VD
-the effects of alleleic interactions at the same locus
e.g. A1A1 - tall plant
A1A2 - tall plant
A2A2 - small plant
Tall is dominant
What is additive genetic variance?
VA
- additive effects of allele substitutions
- co dominance (midway phenotype)
e.g. A1A1 - tall plant
A1A2 - med height plant
A2A2 - small plant
Add up the effects of both phenotypes
What is epistasis/interaction genetic variance?
VI
- effects of interactions between different loci
- e.g. epistasis
e.g. A1A1B1B1 - tall plant
A2A2B2B2 - tall plant
A1A1B2B2, A2A2B1B1 - small plant
interactions
What is VG?
The components of genetic variation
What is the formula for VG (in terms of VA, VD and VI)?
VG = VA + VD + VI
What are the inheritance features of VA, VD and Vi?
VA - simple pattern of inheritance compared to VD and VI, caused by average of the phenotypic effects
VD and VI caused by phenotypic effects of genotypes
How are the inheritance effects of VD illustrated?
Box plot thing whatever they’re called
Typical mendelian first law of segregation box
How is the inheritance effects of VI illustrated?
Massive box plot thing
e.g. B = black, b = brown, E = pigment there, e = pigment not (Dog colour)
4 X 4 = 16 different traits
How did the Clausen (Timberland, Mather, Standford) experiment show that the interaction between genes and the environment also affects phenotypic variation?
At high altitude (timerland) - some plants died(San gregario), whilst others didn’t (big horn lake)
At intermediate altitude (Mather) - some plants grew tall (San gregario) whilst others were small (Big horn lake)
At low altitude - the phenotypes changed again, San gregario v tall, Big horn lake not the leafiness it was at intermediate, more like a small version of the flowring plant it was at high altitude
Showed phenotypuc plasticity
What is phenotypic plasticity?
When a genotype expresses different phenotypes depending on the environment
What are genotype-envirpnemtn interactions?
When a genotype expresses different phenotypes depending on the environemtn, and different genotypes have different kinds of phenotypic plasticity