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Lifespan G&D > Lecture 4 - Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Germinal Stage

A
  • occurs before body knows its pregnant
  • fertilization - 2 weeks
  • methodical cell division and specialization begins w/n 12 hours of fert
  • fertilized egg called a blastocyst
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2
Q

Implantation

A
  • 6-12 days after ovulation
  • trophoblast cells penetrate uterine lining by mimicking blood vessels, and egg is pulled into endometrium
  • hormonal changes occur that prevent menstruation (hCG levels increase)
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3
Q

Embryonic stage

A
  • 3-8 weeks
  • development of major body structures and organs - heart has started beating
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4
Q

What is gastrulation? What is the result of this?

A
  • folding of the neural tube on itself, creates the 3 distinct germ layers
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5
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  • ectoderm - nervous system and skin
  • mesoderm - muscle, skeleton, kidneys, reproductive system
  • endoderm - endocrine glands, lungs, digestive tract, liver
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6
Q

Organogenesis

A

simultaneous formation of organs that occurs after gastrulation
- high chance of miscarriage during this period bc lots of things are being developed at the same time

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7
Q

What are the chorioamniotic membranes?

A
  • make up amniotic sac
  • amnion - thin and tough inner fetal membrane, contains amniotic fluid and the embryo
  • chorion - outer fetal membrane, part of placenta
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8
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • screening test of genetic or chromosomal abnormality using baby’s skin cells in amniotic fluid
  • very small (0.06%) miscarriage risk
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9
Q

Placenta

A
  • organ that connects the developing embryo to the uterine wall
  • genetically ID to baby
  • umbilical cord (attaches placenta to baby) and corresponding vein do not intersect, which i
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10
Q

Placental abruption

A
  • placenta pulled partially/completely away from uterus
  • deprivation of nutrients and O2
  • c-section is only option
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11
Q

Placenta previa

A
  • placenta grows across and blocks cervix
  • more common in mothers who’ve had C-sections, scar tissue causes lower implantation
  • c-section is only option
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12
Q

Placenta accreta

A
  • blood vessels of placenta growing too deeply into uterus
  • can cause internal hemorrhage when delivered
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13
Q

Thalidomide

A
  • sedative that alleviated morning sickness used in 50s and 60s
  • neg impact only during 2 weeks of pregnancy, window when arms and legs are developing
  • about 10,000 babies were born w/ arm or leg birth defects
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14
Q

Teratogen

A

any environmental agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cog and behavioral outcomes

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15
Q

What are the 3 categories of teratogens?

A
  • Drugs - legal and illegal; alcohol, cigarettes, etc
  • Illness/Disease - can be transmitted to baby; measles or syphilis
  • other - radiation (x-ray), air pollution, water pollution, industrial cleaners
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16
Q

Congenital physical anomaly & Congenital malformation

A
  • Congenital physical anomaly - atypical, but not problematic physical anomaly at birth
  • congenital malformation - “birth defect”, problematic structural anomalies
17
Q

Severity of teratogen depends on?

A

1) dosage
2) genetic susceptibility
3) timing of exposure - stronger impact during embryonic period

18
Q

Neurulation

A
  • formation of neural tube
  • 18-24 days
  • most susceptible to teratogens
19
Q

NTDs

A
  • neural tube defects
  • occur when NT is disrupted
20
Q

Spina Bifida

A
  • most common of live births
  • occurs when seam of NT does not seal all the way
  • severity depends on where and how much spine is exposed
21
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • most common defect in utero, usually results in miscarriage
  • occurs when top of NT does not close
  • 95% die if born
22
Q

Neurogenesis

A
  • creation of new neurons
  • begins @ 5 weeks gestation
  • formation of major brain structures occur during first two trimesters
  • refinement occurs during third trimester and infancy
23
Q

Neural migration

A
  • neurons move from neural plate to final position in brain
  • occurs even after birth
24
Q

What are some changes that can be seen by the end of the embryonic stage?

A
  • all major organs and structures have been created
  • 1” long
  • head is 50% of length
  • weak brain waves observed at 5 weeks
  • development of nervous system at 3 weeks
25
Q

Fetal stage

A
  • 9 weeks to birth
  • begins when major organs differentiated
  • rapid physical growth - 1” to 7.5 lbs
  • embryo -> fetus
26
Q

Sex Differentiation

A
  • completed 8-12 weeks
  • determined at fert; XX = female, XY = male
27
Q

Explain the importance of SRY, MIS and DHT in determining sex

A
  • SRY gene causes production of DHT and MIS
  • MIS (Mullerian-inhibiting substance) - inhibits development of Muller ducts in XY fetuses
  • DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) - develops wolff ducts in XY fetuses
28
Q

Physical development of fetus

A
  • heart rate variability indicate taht the CNS and CV systems are working
  • circadian rhythms
  • vernix
  • lanugo - fine, soft hair that covers body
29
Q

Vernix

A

moisturizes skin, facilitates passage through birth canal, helps conserve heat
- clings to lanugo

30
Q

Observable fetal behavior

A
  • fetus is said to be an active contributor to own development in that they:
  • swallow - digest and excrete amniotic fluid to ensure GI tract is functional
  • breathe - prepare and develop lungs and associated muscles for breathing after birth
  • moving - allows muscles to lengthen and bones to form
31
Q

How do fetuses react to external stimuli? What is prenatal perception?

A
  • Covers eyes when shown light
  • avoids vibrations
  • become familiarized w/ mom’s voice, auditory system becomes most developed
32
Q

Prenatal pain, what is required to feel pain?

A
  • Anterior Cingulate cortex (ACC) - acute pain perception, develops at 26 weeks
  • Thalamocortical connection - transmit sensory information to cerebral cortex, develops at 29 weeks

Lifespan G&D (12 decks)

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