Lecture 10 - Intelligence

Question 1

Define intelligence

Answer 1

• ability to reason abstractly
• learn to adapt to novel circumstances
• acquire knowledge
• benefit from experience

Question 2

Psychometric approach

Answer 2

intelligence as a trait(s) that differ btwn individuals

Question 3

Binet’s Singular component approach

Answer 3

• ID children for special ed.
• singular = g (general intelligence)
• trial and error approach, linking intelligence and school success, mental age

Question 4

Multicomponent View

Answer 4

• intelligence consists of many attributes, like:
  
  • fluid intelligence - ability to actively solve novel and abstract problems, peaks at about 30 y.o.
    - crystallized intelligence - ability to solve problems that depend on learned knowledge, peaks during late adulthood

Question 5

Crystallized intelligence is a form of what? Where is this kind of memory stored?

Answer 5

• LTM
• hippocampus

Question 6

Hierarchical models of intelligence

Answer 6

• integrates single and multicomponent
• consists of:
  
  • general ability that influences overall performance
  • specialized ability that influences specific domains

Question 7

Mental age

Answer 7

• intelligence score that allows us to compare individuals of the same age

Question 8

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 8

• intelligence score that allows us to compare individuals of diff ages

Question 9

Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale

Answer 9

• measures gen intelligence and 4 factors important for academic success: verbal, quantitative, and spatial reasoning, and STM
• gives you a “g” score
• no earlier than 3 y.o. b/c you have to be able to read and have a decent attention span

Question 10

What bias is present in the Stanford binet intelligence scale?

Answer 10

• biased against people who struggle to understand/read English
  
  • non-native speakers
  • dyslexic
  • too young to read

Question 11

Weschler Scales

Answer 11

• designed for specific age groups
• 3 scores: verbal IQ, non-verbal IQ, full-scale IQ
• reduce bias toward verbal intelligence
• allows for intervention to be more specialized

Question 12

Normal distribution of IQ scores is represented by what shape?

Answer 12

• symmetrical bell-shaped curve
• below 70 indicates ppl with severe disabilities
• above 130 indicates ppl with high IQs

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

• outcomes are consistent when test is repeated

Question 14

Validity

Answer 14

• test measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 15

Cultural Bias

Answer 15

• makes assumptions about what is common knowledge
• EG: cultural norms/conventions, language conventions, literary knowledge
• racial minority groups consistently score lower on IQ scores

Question 16

Bell curve controversy

Answer 16

• Herrnstein and Murray
• argued that gen intelligence is heritable, and the 15% difference in IQ scores is due to genetic diff
• said that genetics account for differences in:
  
  • poverty rates
  • unemployment
  • welfare use

Question 17

Heredity vs. environment

Answer 17

• interaction btwn nature and nurture affects IQ
• Turkheimer made the assumption that low SES = environment plays a larger role, and high SES = genes play a larger role

Question 18

Developmental quotient (DQ)

Answer 18

• measure performance on developmental schedule relative to infants of same age
• good for indication of need for healthcare intervention
• measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
• do NOT predict IQs

Question 19

Stability of IQ

Answer 19

• group stability of IQ increases over time, and individual fluctuations will decrease more over time
• Cumulative deficit hypothesis - fluctuation of more than 1 standard deviation is dependent on:
  
  • high SES = upwards fluctuation
  • low SES = downward fluctuation
  • diff in experiences will accumulate over time

Question 20

Intellectual disability

Answer 20

• begins in early childhood and includes deficits in intellectual, social, and adaptive functioning
• impact on daily life and IQ score determines diagnosis
• could be caused by genetic or environmental factors

Question 21

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)

Answer 21

• persistent difficulty with learning that cannot be better explained by another person
• have normal IQ scores, just struggle in the area of their specifier (IG: reading, writing, math)
• encompasses more children than intelligence disorder
• encompasses more children than intelligence disorders

Question 22

What do intelligence tests predict?

Answer 22

• only exist to predict academic performance, but also predict other related things as well like:
  
  • scholastic achievement
  • vocational outcomes
  • job performance
  • life satisfaction
  • health and longevity