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Lifespan G&D > Lecture 2 - Nature and Nurture > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Nature and Nurture Flashcards

1
Q

Nature and Nurture

A
  • Nature - biological, natural, innate
  • Nurture - learned behaviors, environmental factors
  • developed by shakespeare
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2
Q

Nativism

A

All important knowledge, skills and abilities are built in
- extreme nature view

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3
Q

Empiricism

A

children are born as blank slates
- extreme nurture view

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4
Q

Most things in development are influenced by either nature or nurture? True or false?

A

False, most things are developed by both

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5
Q

What is an example of nature and nurture that we talked about during class?

A
  • Siamese cats have diff. colors due to melanin pathway error. This error depends on the environment
  • Obesity could be biological (leptin deficiency, FTO gene) or environmental
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6
Q

Leptin

A
  • appetite hormone that regulates hunger, increased leptin causes fullness, decreased leptin causes hunger
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7
Q

FTO Gene

A
  • impact appetite hormone differences in humans
  • TT, AT, AA
  • AA allele cause appetite hormone response to be delayed
  • AA allele is inherited from parents, but what is done with the altered appetite depends on the individual
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8
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A
  • role of genetics in behavior
  • how variability results from combo of genetic and environmental factors
  • behavioral traits are heritable to some degree
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9
Q

Polygenic

A

trait is due to two or more genes

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10
Q

Multifactorial

A

trait is due to genetics and the environment

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11
Q

Family Study

A

variable genetic relatedness, how correlated a trait is among individuals who vary in genetic relatedness
- greater genetic relatedness = similar outcomes

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12
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

identical, share 100% DNA

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13
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

fraternal, share 50% DNA

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14
Q

Adoption Study

A
  • compare relatedness to biological family and adoptive family, infers genetic influences
  • more similar to biological parents infers heavier influence of nature, more similar to adoptive parents infers heavier influence of nurture
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15
Q

Heritability

A
  • what proportion of difference in a group is due to genes
  • percentage of the role that nature plays
  • stat. estimate of proportion of measure variability in a trait is attributable to genetic influences
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16
Q

When it is said that the heritability score for IQ is approx. 50%, what does this mean?

A
  • 50% of variation in IQ is due to genetic diff btwn members of the population studied
17
Q

Heritability estimates apply only to?

A

populations, not individuals

18
Q

Allele

A
  • two or more diff forms of a gene
  • influence the same trait, but also contributes to outcome of the trait
19
Q

Homozygous

A

two of the same alleles for a trait
- aa or AA

20
Q

Heterozygous

A

two different alleles for a trait
- Aa

21
Q

How does a shared and non-shared environment effect similarities btwn family members?

A
  • shared - more similarities
  • non-shared - increases diff among family members
22
Q

Thin Fat Babies

A
  • babies look thin, but body composition is adipose, high BMI
  • discovered by Dr. Yajnik
  • example of the thrifty gene hypothesis
23
Q

Thrifty Gene Hypothesis

A
  • baby’s body is adapting to conditions inside of mother, for ex; if mother is malnourished while pregnant, baby’s body will learn to hold onto fat and calories
  • historically advantageous, but they became detrimental in the modern world
24
Q

The Y-Y Pardox

A
  • Yudkin and Yajnik
  • Found that Yajnik has a higher BMI even though her and Yudkin weigh the same
  • EX of thin-fat baby
25
Q

Epigenetic change

A
  • stable changes in gene expression mediated by the environment
  • methylation
26
Q

Methylation

A
  • biochemical process that suppresses gene expression
  • demethylation = gene turned on
  • methylation = gene turned off
27
Q

What was one of the examples of epigenetic inheritance we discussed in class?

A
  • rat mothers/pups
    • attention of mother stimulates glucocorticoid receptor gene in pups
    • attentive mother = demethylation = active gene
    • nonattentive = methylation is not gotten rid of = inactive gene
  • dutch famine of 1944

Lifespan G&D (12 decks)

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