Lecture 4: Plant Morphology And Growth

Question 1

Forbes

Answer 1

Dicots with fibrous and/or taproots
Have an elevated apical meristem
Renew above-ground biomass annually

Question 2

Shrubs and Trees

Answer 2

Dicots that accumulate above-ground woody tissue
Renew growth from intact, elevated meristems (apical and auxiliary)
Half-shrubs (suffrutescents) are dicots that regrow yearly from a woody caudex

Question 3

Grasses

Answer 3

Monocots with extensive fibrous root systems
Apical meristems generally at the plant base
Renew above ground biomass annually
Have high root turnover (growth and death)

Question 4

Meristem

Answer 4

Local region of active cell division and elongation

Question 5

Apical meristem

Answer 5

Primary zone of growth at the end of roots and stems (Forbes and shrubs)

Question 6

Auxiliary meristem

Answer 6

Secondary zone of growth. In dicots, it is the origin point of branches and leaves

Question 7

Apical dome

Answer 7

Region of intense meristematic activity at the base of the grass plant

Question 8

Axillary bud

Answer 8

Specialized zone of development on a grass apical dome, capable of developing into a tiller

Question 9

Intercalary meristem

Answer 9

Secondary zone of growth on the leaves of grasses (ie. Junction of leaf sheath and blade, and sheath and node)

Question 10

Node

Answer 10

Region from which a grass leaf develops

Question 11

Internode

Answer 11

Space between nodes on a grass

Question 12

Phytomer

Answer 12

Basic repeating unit of an individual grass tiller.
The fundamental growth unit of grass
The internode and node with leaf and sheath at the top and bud at the bottom
A stack of phytomers form a shoot

Question 13

Tiller

Answer 13

A group of phytomers, linearly arranged/stacked and derived from the same apical meristem

Question 14

Rhizome

Answer 14

An underground lateral stem used for vegetative reproduction

Question 15

Stolon

Answer 15

An above ground lateral stem used for vegetative reproduction

Question 16

Xylem

Answer 16

Translocation sieve tubes for water and minerals, moving material predominantly upwards

Question 17

Phloem

Answer 17

Translocation sieve tubes for carbohydrates and proteins, moving material predominantly downwards

Question 18

Seminal roots

Answer 18

The small root system developed from the cotelydon used to temporarily support a seedling

Question 19

Adventitious roots

Answer 19

The extensive, fibrous root system developed by the plant, particularly grasses, to support itself

Question 20

Levels of photosynthesis depends on…

Answer 20

Leaf area

Age of leaf

Question 21

Source

Answer 21

Organ or tissue within the plant that may export nutrients (ie energy) to another plant part

Question 22

Sink

Answer 22

An organ or tissue within the plant that attracts nutrients (ie CHOs) for active use or deposition

Question 23

Non-labile sink

Answer 23

Once deposited, nutrients can no longer be remobilized

Ie. Respiration and structural plant growth

Question 24

Labile sink

Answer 24

Nutrients that can be remobilized

Ie. Non structural and not immediately used

Question 25

Structural Carbohydrates

Answer 25

Complex sugars that make up the cell wall of the plant, giving it strength (//fibre of the plant, such as cellulose, HDMI-cellulose, and lignin)

Question 26

Total Non-Structural Carbohydrates (TNC)

Answer 26

Basic sugars actively translocation within the plant and available for respiration and growth

Question 27

Energy Source

Answer 27

Roots, root crowns or bulbs, whiz ones, stolons, and stem bases

Question 28

Energy Sink

Answer 28

Newly developing leaves

Question 29

Floral induction

Answer 29

The rapid bolting of the apical dome in grasses arising from the expansion of the condensed internodes, leading to seed-head elevation, thereby facilitating pollination and seed dispersal

Question 30

Tillering

Answer 30

The process of vegetative reproduction in grasses through the development of axillary buds on the apical dome into new apical meristems and domes

Question 31

Ranked assimilate partitioning

Answer 31

Maintenance
Growth of new roots
Growth of new leaves
CHO storage
Stem elongation, flowering, seed production

Last two reversed for annual as reproduction is more important than storage