Lecture 4: Plant Morphology And Growth Flashcards
Forbes
Dicots with fibrous and/or taproots
Have an elevated apical meristem
Renew above-ground biomass annually
Shrubs and Trees
Dicots that accumulate above-ground woody tissue
Renew growth from intact, elevated meristems (apical and auxiliary)
Half-shrubs (suffrutescents) are dicots that regrow yearly from a woody caudex
Grasses
Monocots with extensive fibrous root systems
Apical meristems generally at the plant base
Renew above ground biomass annually
Have high root turnover (growth and death)
Meristem
Local region of active cell division and elongation
Apical meristem
Primary zone of growth at the end of roots and stems (Forbes and shrubs)
Auxiliary meristem
Secondary zone of growth. In dicots, it is the origin point of branches and leaves
Apical dome
Region of intense meristematic activity at the base of the grass plant
Axillary bud
Specialized zone of development on a grass apical dome, capable of developing into a tiller
Intercalary meristem
Secondary zone of growth on the leaves of grasses (ie. Junction of leaf sheath and blade, and sheath and node)
Node
Region from which a grass leaf develops
Internode
Space between nodes on a grass
Phytomer
Basic repeating unit of an individual grass tiller.
The fundamental growth unit of grass
The internode and node with leaf and sheath at the top and bud at the bottom
A stack of phytomers form a shoot
Tiller
A group of phytomers, linearly arranged/stacked and derived from the same apical meristem
Rhizome
An underground lateral stem used for vegetative reproduction
Stolon
An above ground lateral stem used for vegetative reproduction
Xylem
Translocation sieve tubes for water and minerals, moving material predominantly upwards
Phloem
Translocation sieve tubes for carbohydrates and proteins, moving material predominantly downwards
Seminal roots
The small root system developed from the cotelydon used to temporarily support a seedling
Adventitious roots
The extensive, fibrous root system developed by the plant, particularly grasses, to support itself
Levels of photosynthesis depends on…
Leaf area
Age of leaf
Source
Organ or tissue within the plant that may export nutrients (ie energy) to another plant part
Sink
An organ or tissue within the plant that attracts nutrients (ie CHOs) for active use or deposition
Non-labile sink
Once deposited, nutrients can no longer be remobilized
Ie. Respiration and structural plant growth
Labile sink
Nutrients that can be remobilized
Ie. Non structural and not immediately used
Structural Carbohydrates
Complex sugars that make up the cell wall of the plant, giving it strength (//fibre of the plant, such as cellulose, HDMI-cellulose, and lignin)
Total Non-Structural Carbohydrates (TNC)
Basic sugars actively translocation within the plant and available for respiration and growth
Energy Source
Roots, root crowns or bulbs, whiz ones, stolons, and stem bases
Energy Sink
Newly developing leaves
Floral induction
The rapid bolting of the apical dome in grasses arising from the expansion of the condensed internodes, leading to seed-head elevation, thereby facilitating pollination and seed dispersal
Tillering
The process of vegetative reproduction in grasses through the development of axillary buds on the apical dome into new apical meristems and domes
Ranked assimilate partitioning
Maintenance Growth of new roots Growth of new leaves CHO storage Stem elongation, flowering, seed production
Last two reversed for annual as reproduction is more important than storage
