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PTH9111 > Lecture 4: Neuroscience Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Neuroscience Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Study of function and structure of the nervous system

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2
Q

2 branches of study in the nervous system

A

1) Neuroanatomy
2) Neurophysiology

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3
Q

6 steps of clinical decision making

A

1) Examination
2) Evaluation
3) Diagnosis
4) Prognosis
5) Intervention
6) Outcomes

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4
Q

Organization of the Nervous system

A
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5
Q

What are the 7 structures of the CNS

A

1) Spinal Cord
2. Medulla
3. Pons
4. Midbrain
5. Cerebellum
6. Diencephalon
7. Cerebral Hemispheres

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6
Q

The spinal cord has both [blank] and [blank] innervation

A

Sensory and motor innervation

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7
Q

What are the two main conduction pathways of the spinal cord

A
  1. Descending: Motor control from brain to body
  2. Ascending: Sensory perception from body to brain
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8
Q

Name the 5 regions of the spinal cord

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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9
Q

What are projections off the spine called

A

Spinal Nerves

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10
Q

How many segmental pairs of peripheral nerves are along the spinal cord

A

31

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11
Q

Function of the brainstem

A

Relays information from the spinal cord to the cerebrum and cerebellum and regulation of vital functions

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12
Q

What are the 3 regulations of vital functions the brainstem performs?

A
  1. Breathing
  2. Consciousness
  3. Body Temperature
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13
Q

T or F: Few tracts run through the brainstem

A

F, many tracts run through the brainstem and its important for integration

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14
Q

What are the 2 functions of the PNS

A
  1. Sends information from body to brain and spinal cord
  2. Sends commands from brain and spinal cord to various body parts
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15
Q

What are the 2 PNS subsystems

A
  1. Somatic
    2.Autonomic/Visceral
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16
Q

Function of the somatic system

A

Functions you manage by thinking of them eg. raising hand to speak in class

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17
Q

Functions of the autonomic/visceral function

A

Processes your brain runs without you thinking of them eg. heartbeat, blood pressure, digestion

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18
Q

Which of these structures is associated with the CNS?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Spinal cord
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19
Q

Which of these are associated with the PNS

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
  3. Sympathetic
  4. Parasympathetic
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20
Q

What are two broads categories of nerve cells

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglial
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21
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized for electrical signaling over long distances

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22
Q

Neuroglial

A

Supporting cells (not capable of signaling)

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23
Q

4 parts of neurons

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell Body (Soma)
  3. Axons
  4. Axon terminals
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24
Q

What are the 4 neuron types

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Bipolar
    3.Pseudounipolar
  3. Multipolar
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25
Q

Dendrites function

A

Receive and transfer electrical impulses from other cells towards the soma

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26
Q

T or F: Some neurons have no dendrites and others 100000

A

T

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27
Q

More dendrites means…

A

cell receives more inputs

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28
Q

Dendrites play a key role in [blank] plasticity and why

A

The modify and strengthen neuronic connections which is called synaptic plasticity

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29
Q

Cell body is also called the

30
Q

What is specialized about a cell body of a neuron compared to other cells

A

The membranes are specialized for electrical signalling, but everything is atypical of a cell (eg. has a nucleus, mitochondria, etc.)

31
Q

Axon

A

Specialized for signal conduction from cell body to axon terminal

32
Q

T or F: Axons are not variable

A

F, they are variable

33
Q

How does information travel through a neuron

A

Information goes from dendrites -> cell body -> axon hillock -> axon -> axon terminal

34
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between nerve cells (no physical contact)

35
Q

What makes up each side of a synapse?

A

1) Presynaptic Terminal
2) Postsynaptic Terminal

36
Q

Presynaptic terminal contains

A

Synaptic vesicles

37
Q

Postsynaptic Terminal controls..

38
Q

T or F: Neuroglial cells have axons and dendrites

A

F, they do not

39
Q

5 functions of neuroglial cells

A

Support synaptic connections and signaling abilities of neurons by:
1) Maintaining ionic milieu of nerve cells
2) Modulate rate of signal propagation
3) Control uptake of neurotransmitters
4) Provide scaffold for development
5) Aid neural recovery post-injury

40
Q

4 neuroglial cells found in the CNS

A

1) Ependymal Cells
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Astrocytes
4) Microglia

41
Q

2 neuroglial cells found in the PNS

A

1) Satellite Cells
2) Schwann Cells

42
Q

2 types of myelinating neuroglial cells

A

1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Schwann Cells

43
Q

Spaces between myelin cells is called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

44
Q

4 characteristics of oligodendrocytes

A

1) Only in CNS
2) Multiple processes
3) Coil around several axons
4) More widely spaced

45
Q

3 characteristics of Schwann cells

A

1) Only in PNS
2) Associated with 1 neuron only
3) Closer together

46
Q

Myelin function

A

Allows impulses to travel quickly and efficiently along neuron

47
Q

Name a disease that causes myelin damage and what happens

A

Multiple Sclerosis - autoimmune disease that breaks down myelin in CNS and causes changes in speech, vision, limb movement. Scarring occurs because astrocytes form plaques and nerve cannot regenerate axons

48
Q

Collection of cell bodies in CNS is called

49
Q

Collection of cell bodies in PNS is called

50
Q

Reticular Formation is made of

A

Nuclei (cell bodies)

51
Q

Pathway of formation of nerves to cell body

A

Nerves -> Neuron -> Cell body

52
Q

Cortex

A

Layer of cell bodies on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum

53
Q

Regions of cell bodies in the CNS are called

A

Grey Matter

54
Q

White Matter

A

Regions of myelinated axons in the CNS

55
Q

CNS axons in bundles are called

56
Q

PNS axons in bundles are called

57
Q

Neuropil

A

Space between neurons and glial cell bodies

58
Q

What 5 things are neuropils composed of

A

1) dendrites
2) axons
3) synapses
4)glial cell processes
5) Microvasculature

59
Q

Function of neuropil

A

Plays a role in cognitive function (more dense the neuropil = the greater the inerconnections

60
Q

Which terms are associated with cell bodies

A

1) Nuclei
2) Ganglion
3) Cortex
4) Gray Matter
5) Soma

61
Q

Which terms are associated with axons

A

1) White matter
2) Neuropil
3) Tracts
4) Nerves
5) Schwann Cells
6) Oligodendrocytes
7) Pre-synaptic terminal

62
Q

Which of these terms are associated with CNS

A

1) Nuclei
2) Cortex
3)Gray Matter
4) White Matter
5) Neuropil
6) Tracts
7) Oligodendrocytes

63
Q

Which terms are associated with PNS

A

1) Ganglion
2) Nerves
3) Schwann Cells
4) Pre-synaptic Terminal
5) Post-synaptic Terminal
6) Soma

64
Q

3 parts of a neural circuit

A

1) Afferent Neurons
2) Interneurons
3) Efferent Neurons

65
Q

Afferent Neurons move

A

toward spinal cord/brain

66
Q

Interneurons

A

Local circuit neurons, short distance that modulate response of larger circuits

67
Q

Efferent Neurons move

A

away from brain/spinal cord

68
Q

Steps of reflex arc

A

1) Step on tac
2) Sends signal to spinal cord
3) Triggers muscle to retract foot

69
Q

How does diabetes disrupt neural circuit

A
  • Lose sensation in bottom of foot (peripheral neuropathy) because poor vasculature as neurons are not getting nutrients needed = damage in myelin so lose ability to send information to spinal cord
  • Disrupts the afferent nerve
70
Q

how does a disc herniation disrupt neural circuits?

A

Pushes on neighbouring nerve and could impact afferent or efferent neuron

PTH9111 (15 decks)

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