Lecture 10/11 -> Acquisition of Motor Skills in Childhood Flashcards
What are basic motor abilities
Movement capabilities and performance that typically emerge in infancy without conscious mediation (milestones)
What are motor skills
Motor capabilities and performance that typically emerges in early childhood and throughout life through mediation by intent and consciousness (eg. kicking a soccerball)
Are motor skills implicit or explicit learning
explicit
Are basic motor abilities implicit or explicit learning
implicit
Basic motor abilities are related to what theories and concept
Dynamic systems theory and affordance
Motor skills are related to which 2 theories and concept
Dynamic systems and Motor learning theory and are related to the role of motivation
4 roles of pediatric PT’s
- Assist in developing goals
- Facilitate the acquisition of motor abilities and skills
- Educate parents and child
- Manage expectations
What 3 factors influence motor skills
- Child
- Task
- Environmental
Regulatory Condition
Conditions that change the pattern of the movement involved with a given skill eg. throwing a ball and changing the distance or size of ball
Non-regulatory Condition
Could change the pattern of movement but does not directly affect that movement eg. mood or atmosphere they are in when throwing a ball
What are 3 key influences on the acquisition of a motor skill?
- Whether regulatory conditions are static or in-motion
- Whether regulatory conditions are the same or different with successive repetitions
- Whether an object needs to be manipulated
Static movement is associated with what skill
Closed skills (eg. kicking soccer ball alone)
Closed skills are used for what 2 motor developments
- Establish Movements
- Refinement
In motion is associated with what skill
Open skills (eg. kicking soccer ball in a game)
Open skills are used for what 2 motor developments
- Respond to environmental changes
- Diversification
T or F: Regulatory conditions are the same with successive repetitions and show no inter-trial variability
F, they can be the same or different (eg. how you climb stairs may be different than how you climb a rock climbing wall)
What does Gentile’s organized taxonomy based on complexity tell us?
It emphasizes the amount of attention and motor control demands that the skills places on a person
T or F: An object needs to be manipulated to describe a skill
T
What is the goal of the initial stage of learning movements
Getting the idea of the movement
What 4 steps are required in order to learn a movement (initial stage)
- Identify regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
- Develop movement characteristics to match regulatory conditions
- Develop movement coordination patterns that result in successful achievement
- Performance is inconsistent and inefficient
What 3 characteristics do learners acquire during later stages of motor development?
- Ability to adapt movement to specific demands of any performance situation
- Consistency in achievement of performance goal
- Efficiency of performance
Closed skills require [fixation/diversification]
fixation of the basic movement coordination pattern attained at the initial stage
Open skills require [fixation/diversification]
diversification to enable adaptability to changing spatial and temporal characteristics
What are the 3 stages of acquisition of a skill and describe each stage
- Cognitive stage: Child pays full attention to instructions, models and feedback
- Associative Stage: Child requires cues and reminders for actions that are part of the skill
- Autonomous Stage: Child has motor programs in place where less attention is needed and they may lose the ability to verbalize the process of instructions
What are the 5 factors that physiotherapists use to aid in practice conditions
- Generalization
- Present Instructions
- Give feedback
- Structure of Practice
- Mental practice
Generalization
Transfer of learning from practice situation to everyday life
Generalization is greatest with attention to specificity of training because it
Matches both skills and performance contexts, but limits transfer of the skills to all situations
How does generalizability link to diversification/practice variability
Introducing variability supports the transfer of learning because it takes into account the natural environment that a skill would be found in eg. throwing a ball in the gym
What are 2 ways to present instructions?
- Demonstration
- Verbal Instructions
When is it good to use demonstrations
Effective when introducing an activity with many movements requiring sequency
T or F: With demonstrations novice learners learn best from novice learners
T
What are 3 key factors to consider when using verbal instructions
- Amount of instruction must be within the person’s capacity to remember and think about them
- Instructions should aim to the focus of the person
- Aim for a visual metaphoric image
What is important about feedback
It can facilitate goal achievement and be motivating
What are 2 factors feedback should be provided on?
- Outcome or result of performance
- Movement characteristics of a performance
What are the 2 frequencies of feedback and are they for short term or long term learning?
- Frequent -> short term
- Infrequent -> Long term
When is whole skills practice preferred and give an example?
Skills that are low in complexity and high in organization ex. riding a bike
When is part practice preferred and give an example
Skills that are high in complexity and low organization ex. serving in tennis (break down the parts to serve)
Progressive Part Method
Practicing a skill in increasing sizes of sequences of parts
Mental Practice
Its a cognitive or mental rehearsal of a physical skill that is used just before performing
What age group is optimal for mental practice?
children over age of 5
T or F: Mental practice is not most effective when combined with actual practice
F, it is
Name 3 reasons why establishing the right practice conditions is essential to pediatric PT
- Children need to be active-learners to problem solve
- Learning needs to occur in a context that is age-appropriate
- Conditions need to be matched to childs needs and should be based on age, task complexity and skill level
