Lecture 10/11 -> Acquisition of Motor Skills in Childhood Flashcards
What are basic motor abilities
Movement capabilities and performance that typically emerge in infancy without conscious mediation (milestones)
What are motor skills
Motor capabilities and performance that typically emerges in early childhood and throughout life through mediation by intent and consciousness (eg. kicking a soccerball)
Are motor skills implicit or explicit learning
explicit
Are basic motor abilities implicit or explicit learning
implicit
Basic motor abilities are related to what theories and concept
Dynamic systems theory and affordance
Motor skills are related to which 2 theories and concept
Dynamic systems and Motor learning theory and are related to the role of motivation
4 roles of pediatric PT’s
- Assist in developing goals
- Facilitate the acquisition of motor abilities and skills
- Educate parents and child
- Manage expectations
What 3 factors influence motor skills
- Child
- Task
- Environmental
Regulatory Condition
Conditions that change the pattern of the movement involved with a given skill eg. throwing a ball and changing the distance or size of ball
Non-regulatory Condition
Could change the pattern of movement but does not directly affect that movement eg. mood or atmosphere they are in when throwing a ball
What are 3 key influences on the acquisition of a motor skill?
- Whether regulatory conditions are static or in-motion
- Whether regulatory conditions are the same or different with successive repetitions
- Whether an object needs to be manipulated
Static movement is associated with what skill
Closed skills (eg. kicking soccer ball alone)
Closed skills are used for what 2 motor developments
- Establish Movements
- Refinement
In motion is associated with what skill
Open skills (eg. kicking soccer ball in a game)
Open skills are used for what 2 motor developments
- Respond to environmental changes
- Diversification
T or F: Regulatory conditions are the same with successive repetitions and show no inter-trial variability
F, they can be the same or different (eg. how you climb stairs may be different than how you climb a rock climbing wall)
What does Gentile’s organized taxonomy based on complexity tell us?
It emphasizes the amount of attention and motor control demands that the skills places on a person
T or F: An object needs to be manipulated to describe a skill
T
What is the goal of the initial stage of learning movements
Getting the idea of the movement
What 4 steps are required in order to learn a movement (initial stage)
- Identify regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
- Develop movement characteristics to match regulatory conditions
- Develop movement coordination patterns that result in successful achievement
- Performance is inconsistent and inefficient
What 3 characteristics do learners acquire during later stages of motor development?
- Ability to adapt movement to specific demands of any performance situation
- Consistency in achievement of performance goal
- Efficiency of performance
Closed skills require [fixation/diversification]
fixation of the basic movement coordination pattern attained at the initial stage
Open skills require [fixation/diversification]
diversification to enable adaptability to changing spatial and temporal characteristics
What are the 3 stages of acquisition of a skill and describe each stage
- Cognitive stage: Child pays full attention to instructions, models and feedback
- Associative Stage: Child requires cues and reminders for actions that are part of the skill
- Autonomous Stage: Child has motor programs in place where less attention is needed and they may lose the ability to verbalize the process of instructions
