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PTH9111 > Lecture 10/11 -> Acquisition of Motor Skills in Childhood > Flashcards

Lecture 10/11 -> Acquisition of Motor Skills in Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

What are basic motor abilities

A

Movement capabilities and performance that typically emerge in infancy without conscious mediation (milestones)

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2
Q

What are motor skills

A

Motor capabilities and performance that typically emerges in early childhood and throughout life through mediation by intent and consciousness (eg. kicking a soccerball)

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3
Q

Are motor skills implicit or explicit learning

A

explicit

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4
Q

Are basic motor abilities implicit or explicit learning

A

implicit

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5
Q

Basic motor abilities are related to what theories and concept

A

Dynamic systems theory and affordance

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6
Q

Motor skills are related to which 2 theories and concept

A

Dynamic systems and Motor learning theory and are related to the role of motivation

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7
Q

4 roles of pediatric PT’s

A
  1. Assist in developing goals
  2. Facilitate the acquisition of motor abilities and skills
  3. Educate parents and child
  4. Manage expectations
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8
Q

What 3 factors influence motor skills

A
  1. Child
  2. Task
  3. Environmental
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9
Q

Regulatory Condition

A

Conditions that change the pattern of the movement involved with a given skill eg. throwing a ball and changing the distance or size of ball

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10
Q

Non-regulatory Condition

A

Could change the pattern of movement but does not directly affect that movement eg. mood or atmosphere they are in when throwing a ball

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11
Q

What are 3 key influences on the acquisition of a motor skill?

A
  1. Whether regulatory conditions are static or in-motion
  2. Whether regulatory conditions are the same or different with successive repetitions
  3. Whether an object needs to be manipulated
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12
Q

Static movement is associated with what skill

A

Closed skills (eg. kicking soccer ball alone)

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13
Q

Closed skills are used for what 2 motor developments

A
  1. Establish Movements
  2. Refinement
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14
Q

In motion is associated with what skill

A

Open skills (eg. kicking soccer ball in a game)

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15
Q

Open skills are used for what 2 motor developments

A
  1. Respond to environmental changes
  2. Diversification
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16
Q

T or F: Regulatory conditions are the same with successive repetitions and show no inter-trial variability

A

F, they can be the same or different (eg. how you climb stairs may be different than how you climb a rock climbing wall)

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17
Q

What does Gentile’s organized taxonomy based on complexity tell us?

A

It emphasizes the amount of attention and motor control demands that the skills places on a person

18
Q

T or F: An object needs to be manipulated to describe a skill

A

T

19
Q

What is the goal of the initial stage of learning movements

A

Getting the idea of the movement

20
Q

What 4 steps are required in order to learn a movement (initial stage)

A
  1. Identify regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
  2. Develop movement characteristics to match regulatory conditions
  3. Develop movement coordination patterns that result in successful achievement
  4. Performance is inconsistent and inefficient
21
Q

What 3 characteristics do learners acquire during later stages of motor development?

A
  1. Ability to adapt movement to specific demands of any performance situation
  2. Consistency in achievement of performance goal
  3. Efficiency of performance
22
Q

Closed skills require [fixation/diversification]

A

fixation of the basic movement coordination pattern attained at the initial stage

23
Q

Open skills require [fixation/diversification]

A

diversification to enable adaptability to changing spatial and temporal characteristics

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of acquisition of a skill and describe each stage

A
  1. Cognitive stage: Child pays full attention to instructions, models and feedback
  2. Associative Stage: Child requires cues and reminders for actions that are part of the skill
  3. Autonomous Stage: Child has motor programs in place where less attention is needed and they may lose the ability to verbalize the process of instructions
25
Q

What are the 5 factors that physiotherapists use to aid in practice conditions

A
  1. Generalization
  2. Present Instructions
  3. Give feedback
  4. Structure of Practice
  5. Mental practice
26
Q

Generalization

A

Transfer of learning from practice situation to everyday life

27
Q

Generalization is greatest with attention to specificity of training because it

A

Matches both skills and performance contexts, but limits transfer of the skills to all situations

28
Q

How does generalizability link to diversification/practice variability

A

Introducing variability supports the transfer of learning because it takes into account the natural environment that a skill would be found in eg. throwing a ball in the gym

29
Q

What are 2 ways to present instructions?

A
  1. Demonstration
  2. Verbal Instructions
30
Q

When is it good to use demonstrations

A

Effective when introducing an activity with many movements requiring sequency

31
Q

T or F: With demonstrations novice learners learn best from novice learners

A

T

32
Q

What are 3 key factors to consider when using verbal instructions

A
  1. Amount of instruction must be within the person’s capacity to remember and think about them
  2. Instructions should aim to the focus of the person
  3. Aim for a visual metaphoric image
33
Q

What is important about feedback

A

It can facilitate goal achievement and be motivating

34
Q

What are 2 factors feedback should be provided on?

A
  1. Outcome or result of performance
  2. Movement characteristics of a performance
35
Q

What are the 2 frequencies of feedback and are they for short term or long term learning?

A
  1. Frequent -> short term
  2. Infrequent -> Long term
36
Q

When is whole skills practice preferred and give an example?

A

Skills that are low in complexity and high in organization ex. riding a bike

37
Q

When is part practice preferred and give an example

A

Skills that are high in complexity and low organization ex. serving in tennis (break down the parts to serve)

38
Q

Progressive Part Method

A

Practicing a skill in increasing sizes of sequences of parts

39
Q

Mental Practice

A

Its a cognitive or mental rehearsal of a physical skill that is used just before performing

40
Q

What age group is optimal for mental practice?

A

children over age of 5

41
Q

T or F: Mental practice is not most effective when combined with actual practice

A

F, it is

42
Q

Name 3 reasons why establishing the right practice conditions is essential to pediatric PT

A
  1. Children need to be active-learners to problem solve
  2. Learning needs to occur in a context that is age-appropriate
  3. Conditions need to be matched to childs needs and should be based on age, task complexity and skill level

PTH9111 (15 decks)

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