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Biomechanics > Lecture 4: Neurological System > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent/Sensory neurons

A

Carry signals to spinal cord

Sensory info from environment/body to CNS for interpretation

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2
Q

Efferent/motor neurons

A

Carry signals to muscle

Impulses from CNS to PNS to allow for movement/action

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

Interpretive neurons between afferent and efferent nerves in CNS

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4
Q

Dorsal horns

A

Cells transmit sensory info

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5
Q

Ventral horns

A

Contains alpha motor neurons with axons terminating in skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Motor units

A

All-or-none

All fibers in a motor unit are the same type

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7
Q

Motor unit types: activation

A

Type I activated first, then Type IIa, then Type IIB

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8
Q

Asynchronous activation

A

Activation is temporally spaced but summed with preceding motor unit activity

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9
Q

Synchronous activation

A

Large and small motor units activated together

E.g. ballistic movements, adaptation from weight training

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10
Q

Frequency coding

A

Also called rate coding

High frequency can induce high tension production

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11
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

When sensory neuron is stimulated, it facilitates stimulation of a spinal motor neuron

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12
Q

Myotactic reflex

A

Also called stretch reflex

Causes contraction of a muscle being stretched

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13
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Initiated by painful stimulus

Causes quick withdrawal/flexion of limb

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14
Q

Cutaneous reflex

A

Causes relaxation of muscle with heat or massage

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15
Q

Proprioceptive receptors

A
  • Sensory receptors in musculoskeletal system
  • transform mechanical distortion in muscles or joints
  • carry input to CNS to change joint position, muscle length & tension, stimulate motor response
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16
Q

Examples of proprioceptive receptors

A

Muscle spindle
Golgi tendon organ
Joint receptors

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17
Q

Muscle spindle

A
  • Monitors muscle stretch
  • Lies parallel to muscle fibers (mostly found in muscle belly)
  • Connect into fascicles via connective tissue
18
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Contained within a capsule, forming a muscle spindle

Nuclear bag fibers, nuclear chain fibers

19
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Innervated contractile ends of muscle spindle

20
Q

Gamma bias

A

Readjustment of muscle spindle length by contracting ends of intrafusal fibers

21
Q

Gamma loop

A

Reflex arc that works with stretch reflex

Includes afferent, gamma, and alpha pathways

22
Q

Primary afferent

A

Type Ia, respond to stretch by initiating stretch reflex

23
Q

Secondary afferent

A

Type II, facilitate flexors and inhibit extensor activity

24
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Facilitates contraction (via muscle spindle) of a muscle being stretched

25
Q

Autogenic facilitation

A

Internally generated excitation of alpha motor neurons through stretch or other input

26
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Relaxation of antagonist while agonists produce joint action

27
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Monitors muscle force/tension
Connected directly to extrafusal fibers
Inverse stretch reflex (initiated by high tension in muscle, inhibits contraction and causes relaxation)

28
Q

Joint sensory receptors: Ruffini ending

A

Sensory receptor in capsule that responds to change in joint positioning

29
Q

Joint sensory receptors: pacinian corpuscle

A

Sensory receptor in skin stimulated by pressure

30
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

Found in dermis or epidermis

Sense pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, tissue damage

31
Q

Exteroception

A

Perception of environment (pressure, skin deformation)

Force coordination during precision grip

32
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Sense of movement/motion

Mechanoreceptors

33
Q

Merkel receptors/discs

A

Slowly adapting receptors

Pressure, position, deep static touch (shapes, edges)

34
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Rapidly adapting receptors

Light touch sensitivity

35
Q

Ruffini cylinders

A

Slowly adapting receptors

Gross pressure changes and vibrations

36
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A
  • technique for evaluating and recording electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles
  • can learn time course of muscle contraction, contraction force, coordination of several muscles in movement sequence, ergonomics
37
Q

EMG instrumentation

A

Correct placement of electrodes = parallel to muscle fibers

Prepare skin by shaving, abrading, cleaning with alcohol

38
Q

Inserted/intra-muscular/needle EMGs

A

Extremely sensitive, access to deep musculature, little cross-talk

BUT: requires cert, cant reposition, painful

39
Q

Surface electrode EMGs

A

Quick and easy, no medical supervision, minimal discomfort

BUT: superficial only, may affect movement patterns, cross-talk concern, limitations in dynamic activity

40
Q

Electrical noise

A
  • Inherent in electronic equipment
  • frequency range: 0-thousands of Hz
  • cannot be eliminated
  • reduced by using high quality components
41
Q

Ambient noise

A
  • electromagnetic radiation sources
  • impossible to avoid
  • dominant frequency: 60Hz
  • 1-3x amplitude of EMG signal
42
Q

Motion artifact

A
  • Two main sources: electrode/skin interface and electrode cable
  • Frequency range: 0-20
  • Reducible by proper circuitry and set up

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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