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Biomechanics > Lecture 2: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Rigid materials

A
  • Resist stress without much deformation

- e.g. bone, keratin, dentin, enamel

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2
Q

Tensile materials

A

Resist being pulled on

E.g. silk, collagen

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3
Q

Pliant materials

A

Must deform in order to function properly

E.g. cartilage, mucus, synovial fluid

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4
Q

Stress

A
  • Force applied per unit area

- measured in pascals

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5
Q

Tensile stress

A

Tension, pulling

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6
Q

Compressive stress

A

Compression, pushing

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7
Q

Strain

A

Deformation caused by applied stress

Change in length divided by original length

Dimensionless

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8
Q

Stress-strain curve

A

The slope of the curve is a measure of stiffness

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9
Q

Elastic region

A
  • up to yield point

- item will return to original length

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10
Q

Plastic region

A
  • past yield point

- item changes shape permanently

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11
Q

Elastic material

A

Linear relationship between stress and strain

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12
Q

Viscoelastic material

A

Nonlinear relationship between stress and strain

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13
Q

Safety factor

A

Strength / typical load

E.g. failure stress / typical stress

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14
Q

Energy

A

Energy stored/put in when a stress is applied is proportional to area under the curve

Energy can be recovered when stress is relieved (only a portion recovered in viscoelastic material)

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15
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A 
Leverage/movement
Support
Protection
Storage
Blood cell formation
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16
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteocytes: transport metabolites, sense mechanical stress, communication
Osteoblasts: deposition
Osteoclasts: resorption

17
Q

Cortical bone tissue

A

Compact, very dense
Outer layer
Stiff and strong

18
Q

Cancellous/trabecular bone tissue

A
  • Spongy, very porous
  • Inner layer
  • Trabeculae adapt to direction of loading and add strength
  • High energy absorption, not as strong as cortical tissue
19
Q

Bone tissue composition

A

25-30% water weight

60-70% minerals/collagen

20
Q

Bone minerals

A

Provide compressive strength and rigidity (calcium and phosphate)

21
Q

Bone collagen

A

Provides tensile strength & flexibility (protein)

22
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone by activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

23
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone grows or remodels in response to forces or stresses upon it

24
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in diameter is controlled by the amount of mechanical stress and gravity placed on bone

25
Q

Deposition

A

Osteoblasts

Response to increased stress (weight-bearing exercise)

26
Q

Resorption

A

Osteoclasts

Response to decreased stress (disuse, immobilization, microgravity)

27
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Resorption exceeds deposition of bone

too many holes, increased risk of fracture

28
Q

Bones and physical activity

A
  • Bones require mechanical stress to grow and strengthen

- loading -> deposition -> increased density

29
Q

Anisotropic property of bone

A

Response depends on the direction of load application

30
Q

Viscoelastic properties of bone

A

Response depends on rate and duration of loading

31
Q

Loads applied to bone

A

Compression, tension, shear, bending

32
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Firm, flexible tissue
  • no blood supply or nerves
  • nourished by fluid within joint
  • reduces contact stress
33
Q

Articular/hyaline cartilage

A
  • covers joint ends at articulation
  • 60-80% water
  • contains collagen and proteoglycan
34
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • found where articular cartilage meets tendon/ligament
  • improves fit between bones
  • serves as intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other connective tissues
35
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous CT, connects bone to bone

  • consists of collagen, elastic, and reticulin
  • viscoelastic
36
Q

Types of synovial joints

A 
Hinge: interphalangeal
Pivot: radioulnar
Condylar: knee
Ellipsoid: metacarpophalangeal
Saddle: intercarpal
Ball and socket: shoulder

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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