Lecture 4 Material (Axial Skeleton: Bones and Bone markings) Flashcards
What is the difference between a foramen and a hiatus?
A foramen is a hole and a hiatus is a large hole
a) What are the different regions of your vertebrae?
b) How many bones does each region have? (think of the breakfast, lunch, dinner trick the prof taught us to help us remember)
a) Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
b) Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Coccyx - 4
Which two regions of the vertebrae are the fused regions?
The sacrum and the coccyx
What is Hypokyphosis? Which region of the vertebrae does it affect?
It is a condition where you end up having a hunched back, it affects the thoracic spine
What is Hyperlordosis? Which region of the vertebrae does it affect?
It is an increase of the lumbar curvature, it affects the lumbar vertebrae
What does scoliosis affect?
It affects both the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?
The vertebral foramen
Where do vertebrae join each other?
At the articular facets/processes.
Where do RIBS join vertebrae (the thoracic to be specific)?
At the costal facets
What is the difference between the Transverse costal facet and the Inferior costal facet? (Hint: Try to recall what “costal” means)
The Transverse costal facet is attached to the TUBERCLE of the rib. The Inferior costal facet is attached to the HEAD of the rib.
Which of the following bones are part of the Axial Skeleton?
A) Clavicle
B) Pelvis
C) Sternum
D) Scapula
C) Sternum.
Why do most intervertebral disc herniations happen in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebrae?
Because those regions allow for repetitive flexion which can cause an inflexion and strain the annulus fibrosis of the disc causing a tear, and later a herniation (note that in the thoracic region, the spinous process limits rotation).
What is an Intervertebral disc? What are its two parts?
- A disc is a cushion between two vertebrae
- It’s a shock absorber and its two parts are Annulus fibrosis and the Nucleus pulposus
a) What does the head of the rib join with?
b) What does the tubercle of the rib join with?
a) The Superior costal facet
b) The Transverse costal facet
Why are True ribs called “True” ribs?
Because they are truly directly attach to the sternum and their own costal cartilages.
Why are False ribs called “False” ribs?
- Because they “falsely” attach to the sternum. They are actually attached to the lowest True rib, not to the sternum.
- They also don’t use their own costal cartilage
a) What bone is this and what view of the bone is it?
b) How can you tell the view of this bone?
a) This is the anterior view of the Sacrum (with the coccyx)
b) You can tell this is the anterior view because you can see the transverse ridges (round-ish ridges coming out going around)
a) What bone is this and what view of the bone is it?
b) How can you tell the view of this bone?
a) This is the posterior view of the Sacrum (with the coccyx)
b) You can tell this is the posterior view seeing a few distinct parts:
- The two facets
- The sacral canal at the top
- The median sacral crest (it’s like a spine of the sacrum going down the middle)
- The sacral hiatus!
What is a unique characteristic of the cervical vertebrae that is not seen in either thoracic or
lumbar vertebrae?
A. Contains transverse costal facet
B. Presence of transverse foramen
C. Possess short spinous process
D. Absence of vertebral bod
B. Presence of transverse foramen
Where is the origin of the levator scapulae?
A) Transverse processes of C5-C7
B) Spinous processes of C1-C4
C) Transverse processes of C1-C4
D) Spinous processes of T1-T3
C) Transverse processes of C1-C4
What is the name of the fossa directly inferior to the spine of the scapula?
A) Supraspinous fossa
B) Subscapular fossa
C) Infraspinous fossa
D) Coronoid fossa
C) Infraspinous fossa
Which region of the spine is associated with C1 to C7 vertebrae?
A) Thoracic region
B) Lumbar region
C) Sacral region
D) Cervical region
D) Cervical region
What is the key feature of Thoracic Vertebrae?
A) Large, kidney-shaped vertebral body
B) Long, sharp spinous process pointed inferiorly
C) A triangular vertebral foramen
D) Short, blunt spinous process
B) Long, sharp spinous process pointed inferiorly
- The (1)___ holds up the head, and the (2)___ allows for rotation in the neck
A) (1) Hyoid bone, (2) Atlas
B) (1) Atlas, (2) Axis
C) (1) Manubrium, (2) Hyoid bone
D) (1) Mandible, (2) Axis
B) (1) Atlas, (2) Axis
The lumbar vertebrae are located directly between which two groups of vertebrae?
A) Between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae
B) Between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae
C) Between the thoracic and coccyx vertebrae
D) Between the sacral and coccyx vertebrae
B) Between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae
In which region of the spine does the greatest range of motion occur?
A) thoracic region
B) lumbar region
C) cervical region
D) sacral region
C) Cervical region
What is the main consequence of repetitive flexion in the cervical and lumbar regions?
A) increased mobility
B) strengthened discs
C) improved posture
D) herniated disc
D) herniated disc
Where does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?
A) Inferior articular process and superior articular process
B) Transverse coastal facet and superior coastal facet
C) Transverse coastal facet and inferior articular process
D) inferior coastal facet and superior articular process
B) Transverse coastal facet and superior coastal facet
Which term describes the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum?
A) Fibrocartilage
B) Hyaline Cartilage
C) Elastic Cartilage
D) Costal Cartilage
D) Costal Cartilage
Which kind of the following characteristic feature of a lumbar vertebra?
A) Kidney-shaped vertebral body
B) Long, sharp spinous process
C) Spinous process points inferiorly
D) Circular vertebral foramen
A) Kidney-shaped vertebral body
What is hyperkyphosis?
A) Excessive curvature of the lumbar spine
B) Excessive inward curvature of the thoracic spine
C) Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine
D) Abnormal curvature of the cervical spine
C) Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine
Which of the following statements correctly describes the characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
A) The vertebral foramen is triangular, and the spinous process is short and forked.
B) The body is massive and kidney-shaped, and the superior facets are directed posteromedially.
C) The body is heart-shaped, and the spinous process is long and projects inferiorly.
D) The transverse processes are thin and tapered, and the vertebral foramen is circular.
C) The body is heart-shaped, and the spinous process is long and projects inferiorly.
Which spinal condition is characterized by an accentuated lumbar curvature?
A) Kyphosis
B) Lordosis
C) Scoliosis
D) Stenosi
B) Lordosis
The xiphoid process is located at the inferior end of which bone?
A) Clavicle
B) Humerus
C) Scapula
D) Sternum
D) Sternum
Which of the following pairs are part of the axial skeleton?
A) The sternum and clavicle are part of the axial skeleton.
B) The scapula and vertebrae are part of the axial skeleton.
C) The vertebrae and skull are part of the axial skeleton.
D) The radius and ulna are part of the axial skeleton
C) The vertebrae and skull are part of the axial skeleton.
Which of the following correctly describes the lamina of a vertebra?
A) The bony structure that forms the anterior portion of the vertebral body.
B) The thin plate that forms part of the vertebral arch, connecting the transverse process to
the spinous process.
C) The fibrocartilaginous pad situated between vertebrae that helps cushion and support spinal
movement.
D) The structure on the lateral side of the vertebra where the ribs attach in the thoracic region.
B) The thin plate that forms part of the vertebral arch, connecting the transverse process to the spinous process.
Which of the following erector spinae muscles is found in the lumbar spine?
A) Splenius
B) Iliocostalis
C) Spinalis
D) Longissimus
B) Iliocostalis
Which of the following is a feature unique to thoracic vertebrae when compared to lumbar vertebrae?
A) Heart-shaped vertebral body
B) Short, blunt spinous process
C) Spinous process points posteriorly
D) Triangular vertebral foramen
A) Heart-shaped vertebral body
Where does the acromial end of the clavicle connect to?
A) Articular facet
B) Superior costal facet
C) Coracoid process
D) Clavicular notch
C) Coracoid process
Which part of the humerus articulates with the radius at the elbow joint?
A) Trochlea
B) Olecranon fossa
C) Capitulum
D) Coronoid fossa
C) Capitulum
What type of vertebrae have costal facets
A) Cervical
B) C2
C) Thoracic
D) Lumbar
C) Thoracic
