Lecture 2 Material (Integumentary System) Flashcards
What are the 3 Layers of the skin?
1) Epidermis (top)
2) Dermis (middle)
3) Subcutaneous layer/Hypodermis (bottom)
Accessory structures of the skin (glands, hair, hair follicles, etc.) are part of WHICH layer of the skin?
The Dermis.
Which layer of the skin has the arteries and veins?
The Subcutaneous Layer/Hypodermis
What are the two layers of the Dermis?
The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer
On the topic of sweat glands, where does the oil come from?
The oil comes from the sebaceous gland which is ALWAYS associated with a hair follicle
What is the name of another structure that is associated with a hair follicle? (It also causes goosebumps)
Arrector pili muscle
What are the 4 cell types in the Epidermis layer of the skin?
1) Keratinocytes
2) Melanocytes
3) Tactile cells
4) Dendritic cells
What layers is the Epidermis made out of?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
How many layers are there in the Epidermis?
- It depends what type of skin it is. In thin skin there are 4 layers.
- In thick skin there are 5 layers.
Where on our body do we have thick skin? Where do we have thin skin?
We have thick skin on the soles of our feet and the palms of our hands. Everywhere else, we have thin skin.
Why is the palms of our hands or soles of our feet lighter or “shiny”?
Because it contains the stratum lucidum (which is a layer thick skin has and thin skin doesn’t)
What is Keratin? What does it do?
- Keratin is a hard protein seen in the skin and hair
- Keratins keep some moisture out and in our body to protect the skin
a) What do Melanocytes do?
b) Where are they found?
a) Melanocytes produce melanosomes, which are a type of lysosome that produces and stores melanin (a skin pigment)
b) They are found in the Basal layer, the Basal lamina
a) What do Tactile cells do?
b) Where are they found?
a) The Tactile epithelial cells function as sensory receptors and stimulate sensory nerves that result in your sense of touch
b) They are found in the stratum basale
a) What are epidermal Dendritic cells and what is their function?
b) How do they carry out their function?
a) Epidermal dendritic cells are immune cells that serve as a defense against potentially infectious microorganisms on the skin
b) They carry out phagocytosis of pathogens that infiltrate the more superficial layers of the epidermis (i.e. closer to the surface)
Where are Dendritic cells located?
They are most prominently located in the superficial portion of the Stratum spinosum
What layer has the blood supply?
The Basal lamina.
a) Where do the keratinocyte cells start to die in the epidermis?
b) Why does it happen there (how does it happen)?
a) They start to die in the Stratum granulosum.
b) - Because the keratinocytes are pushed up through the stratum granulosum and (in thick skin) the stratum lucidum.
- As the cells move further towards the superficial layer of the epidermis, a protein found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes called keratohyalin forms granules that dehydrate the cell and causes them to die as they get bigger and flatter coming closer to the surface.
What does bluish colour from the blood supply in the Dermis lead to?
Cyanosis
a) What does the papillary layer consist of?
b) What does the reticular layer consist of?
a) Loose connective tissue and blood supply
b) Sensory structures and collagen
What is sebum and what produces it?
Sebum is a waxy, oily secretion produced by the sebaceous glands and follicles
What sweat glands is produced in the axillae (armpit), groin and nipples?
Apocrine sweat glands
How can you tell if a sweat gland is Apocrine and not Eccrine/Merocrine?
You can tell it’s Apocrine if the sweat glands are coiled AND around (or associated with) hair follicles
How do you know if a gland is a sweat gland and not a sebaceous gland?
You know it’s a sweat gland if the gland is coiled
What was formerly known as Langerhans cells?
Dendritic cells
What was formerly known as Merkel cells?
Tactile cells
Which of the following structures are responsible for accumulating melanin?
A) Melanocytes
B) Melanosomes
C) Lysosomes
D) Kupffer cells
B) Melanosomes
Dendritic cells are immune cells on the skin that detect pathogens and allow for an immune
response to occur. In which situation are dendritic cells most necessary?
A) For regulating blood sugar levels
B) For fighting a virus
C) For healing a scar
D) For regulating digestion
B) For fighting a virus
Which of the following layers of skin below is only present in thick skin?
A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum basale
B) Stratum lucidum
Which of the following structures is directly involved in hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells)?
A) Epiphyseal plate
B) Red marrow
C) Periosteum
D) Yellow marrow
B) Red marrow
Which layer of the epidermis is known for its ability to undergo mitosis?
A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum granulosum
C) Stratum basale
D) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum basale
Where are dendritic cells most prominently found?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum corneum
D) Stratum lucidum
B) Stratum spinosum
What are the ABCD’s of melanoma?
A) Alternating spots, bulging from skin, causing irritation, diameter
B) Asymmetrical, blotchy pattern, changes shape, dark colour
C) Asymmetrical, irregular border, colour changes, diameter
D) Aggravated, irregular border, colour changes, develops quickly
C) Asymmetrical, irregular border, colour changes, diameter
Which of the following accurately describes the secretion method and location of sebaceous glands?
A) Secrete directly onto the skin surface in the armpits, groin, and nipples.
B) Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles for lubrication and antibacterial action.
C) Produce a thin, watery secretion controlled by the nervous system.
D) Secrete directly into the ear canal to produce cerumen (earwax).
B) Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles for lubrication and antibacterial action.
What type of pigment is carotene?
A) Orange-yellow
B) Yellow-brown
C) Orange-brown
D) Red-brown
A) Orange-yellow
Which of the following accurately describes the secretion method and location of sebaceous glands?
A) Secrete directly onto the skin surface in the armpits, groin, and nipples.
B) Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles for lubrication and antibacterial action.
C) Produce a thin, watery secretion controlled by the nervous system.
D) Secrete directly into the ear canal to produce cerumen (earwax)
B) Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles for lubrication and antibacterial action
Using your understanding of the reticular layer, which of the following
statements is true about its function?
A) It is the outermost protective layer of a specialized cell known as adipocytes, and helps to maintain and store the proteins and fatty acids within it.
B) It is the barrier found within the outermost layer of the eye and helps photoreceptors to allow light to pass through.
C) It is a network of irregular connective tissue made up of collagen, that allows blood and nutrients to be transported within the layers of skin.
D) A waxy, oily substance that is released from the skin that prevents the skin from cracking and hair breaking off
C) It is a network of irregular connective tissue made up of collagen, that allows blood and nutrients to be transported within the layers of skin.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic observed by doctors when diagnosing melanomas?
A) Diameter
B) Asymmetry
C) Texture
D) Border
C) Texture
Which layer of the Epidermis is in thick skin only and appears as shiny?
A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum spinosum
D) Stratum basale
B) Stratum lucidum
Please select the correct order of strata in the “thick skin” epidermis starting with the most superficial layer:
A) Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Basale
C) Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
D) Stratum Basale, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Corneum, Stratum Spinosum
C) Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
What is the deepest layer of the of the epidermis?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum
A) Stratum basale
The structural makeup of the human epidermis varies based on the kind of skin. While thick skin
typically consists of five distinct strata, in thin skin one is absent. Identify the specific stratum
that is present in thick skin but not in thin skin.
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Granulosum
C) Stratum Lucidum
D) Stratum Spinosum
C) Stratum Lucidum
Exocrine glands excrete waste superficially. There are four main types of exocrine glands: typical
sebaceous glands, sebaceous follicles, apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands. While typical sebaceous glands, ______ and _____ secrete directly into the hair follicle, _______ secrete onto the surface of the skin. Antiperspirant works by reacting with perspiration in the armpits. The antiperspirant and sweat plug in the hair follicles and blocks the flow of
sweat in the armpit. This causes a negative feedback response, eventually pausing sweat production in the ________.
A) Apocrine sweat glands, merocrine sweat glands, sebaceous follicles, apocrine sweat glands
B) Apocrine sweat glands, merocrine sweat glands, sebaceous follicles, merocrine sweat glands
C) Sebaceous follicles, apocrine sweat glands, merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands
D) Sebaceous follicles, merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, merocrine sweat gland
A) Apocrine sweat glands, merocrine sweat glands, sebaceous follicles, apocrine sweat glands
What is the eponym “Langerhans Cells” now referred to as?
A) Dendritic Cells
B) Macrophages
C) Melanocytes
D) Mast Cells
A) Dendritic Cells
Where do flexure lines form?
A) Between underlying collagen fiber bundles in the reticular dermis.
B) Where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures.
C) Where melanin build-up occurs.
D) On top of dermal ridges.
B) Where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures.
Where are most Merkel cells found?
A) Stratum Spinosum
B) Stratum Basale
C) Stratum Granulosum
D) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Basale
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary cell types found in the epidermis?
A) Keratinocytes
B) Melanocytes
C) Tactile cells
D) Adipocytes
D) Adipocytes
Which layer of the Epidermis creates the “shininess” seen on the palms of the hands?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum corneum
D) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum lucidum
What is the role of adipocytes in the subcutaneous layer of the skin?
A) Assist in the synthesis of melanin.
B) Provide structural support for hair follicles.
C) Stores fat and assists in thermoregulation.
D) They primarily function in the production of keratin
C) Stores fat and assists in thermoregulation.
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing new keratinocytes? (Integumentary
System)
A) Stratum lucidum
B) Stratum corneum
C) Stratum basale
D) Stratum granulosum
C) Stratum basale
Which of the following best describes the functions of the integumentary system?
A) Provides structural support to the body, helps with movement, stores minerals, and produces
red blood cells.
B) Protects internal organs, regulates body temperature, excretes waste, produces vitamin D, and enables sensory reception.
C. Helps with digestion, absorbs nutrients, protects against infection, and regulates blood
pressure.
D. Transports oxygen, fights infection, circulates nutrients, and removes carbon dioxide.
B) Protects internal organs, regulates body temperature, excretes waste, produces vitamin D, and enables sensory reception.
A 60-year-old patient has a small, darkly pigmented lesion on their neck which has recently changed shape and colour. Given that the lesion is suspected to arise from cells found in the stratum Basale, which of the following is most likely involved and what function does this cell typically perform?
A) Keratinocytes; immune response and phagocytosis of pathogens
B) Tactile cells; stimulating sensory nerve endings
C) Melanocytes; production of melanin for protection against UV radiation
D) Keratinocytes; production of keratin for retaining moisture inside the body
C) Melanocytes; production of melanin for protection against UV radiation
Which of the following layers of the skin is responsible for producing new skin cells?
A) Dermis
B) Stratum basale
C) Stratum corneum
D) Hypodermis
B) Stratum basale
