Lecture 4 - Introducing LTP Flashcards
the case of ____ was a historical and paradigm shifting case study for ____ research
HM was a historical and paradigm shifting case study for memory research
HM’s case provided researchers with a place to ____ exploring ____ related to _____
begin exploring mechanisms related to neuroplasticity
HM underwent a ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ and the removal of the ____
bilateral medial temporal lobe resection and the removal of the hippocampus
HM’s performance on the ___ task was the first hint that there may be different ____ ____ that reside ____ of the ____ ____
mirror-tracing task was the first hint that there may be different memory systems that reside outside of the temporal lobe
the two types of long-term memory are ____ and ____ (____) memory
declarative and nondeclarative (procedural) memory
declarative memory is things you know that you can _____ _____
tell others
declarative memory can be tested readily in ____ because they can ____
Henry Molaison was unable to form ____ ____ _____
humans because they can talk
new declarative memories
nondeclarative (procedural) is things you know that you can ___ by ____
show by doing
nondeclarative memory can be tested readily in ____ and ____ ____
HM was capable of this form of memory, exemplified by the skill of ___ ____
humans and other animals
mirror tracing
the two types of declarative memory are _____ and ____
semantic and episodic
semantic memory is knowing the ____ of a ____ without necessarily remembering ____ ___ ____ ____ ____
knowing a ____
meaning of a word without necessarily remembering where you learned the word
fact
episodic memory is ____ ____ (____) memories
detailed autobiographical (personal) memories
the ___ ___ ___ and ____ ____ are important for declarative memories
medial temporal cortex and subcortical structures are important for declarative memories
important for declarative memories:
___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ cortices
____ cortex and ____ cortex
____ cortex
____
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate cortices
perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex
entorhinal cortex
hippocampus
the hippocampus is not receiving ____ from the ____ ___, but from other _____ ____ ____, based on their _____ with the ____ ____
info from the external world, but from other structures around it, based on their interactions with the external world
3 ideas that guided researches as they explored mechanisms related to learning and memory:
- identify which ____ are ____ during a particular ____ ____
- how are they ____ (____, ___, and ____)
- how do we ____ ___ to _____ our ____
- identify which neurons are engaged during a particular memory event
- how are they changed (structure, function, and cellular)
- how do we retrieve them to influence our behavior
memories result from ____ in the _____ among a ____ of _____ that ____ to a particular ____
changes in the connectivity among a collection of neurons that respond to a particular experience
changes are not ____ to a ____ ____, but rather are ____ through the regions of the brain ____ during ____-____ ____
localized to a dedicated area, but rather are distributed through the regions of the brain engaged during memory-producing events
the duration of the changes can be ____-___, or ____
short-lived, or permanent
hippocampus and memory research
____ of the circuit
ease of ____ within this circuit
important component of our ____ ____, and thus ____ were excellent models in ____ the circuit
simplicity of the circuit
ease of recording within this circuit
spatial map, and thus rodents were excellent models in dissecting the circuit
the hippocampus has a very interesting anatomical organization, commonly called the _____ ____/____
anatomical organization, commonly called the trisynaptic circuit/loop
the ____ ____ of the rodent hippocampus shows the ____ of the ____ of ____
schematic representation of the rodent hippocampus shows the direction of the flow of information
trisynaptic circuit/loop:
_____ ____ -> (___ ___) -> ____ ____ -> (___ ___) -> ___ ___ ___ -> (___ ___) -> ___ ___ ___
entorhinal cortex -> (perforant path) -> dentate gyrus -> (mossy fibers) -> CA3 pyramidal cells -> (schaffer collaterals) -> CA1 pyramidal cells
the main cell type in the dentate gyrus is ___ ___
these cells are highly ____, not everything ___ ____
they ___ ____
granule cells
highly selective, not everything goes through
they filter info
there are ____ cells in the dentate gyrus layer
___ ___ are made ____
this allows for increased ____ and different ____ to ____
progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus layer
new neurons are made everyday
increased plasticity and different responses to gaba
the _____ ____ are the axons of the granule cells
mossy fibers are the axons of the granule cells
the major ____ of the rat hippocampus are analogous to those in ____
major projections of the rat hippocampus are analogous to those in humans
bliss and lomo discovered _____ by stimulating the ____ ____ and recording in the ___ ____
LTP by stimulating the perforant path and recording in the dentate gyrus
bliss and lomo first applied a ____ ____ to the ____ ____ and measured ___ ____
they then applied a ____ ___ to the ____ ____. it evoked ___ ___ ___ than the initial ____ ____
in addition, however, the strong stimulus produced an ___ _____ in the ___ ___ to the ___ ____. this enhanced response is called ___-___ ____
bliss and lomo first applied a weak stimulus to the perforant path and measured synaptic activity
they then applied a strong stimulus to the perforant path. it evoked more synaptic activity than the initial weak stimulus
in addition, however, the strong stimulus produced an enduring increase in the synaptic response to the weak stimulus. this enhanced response is called long-term potentiation
bliss and lomo recorded from the ___ ___ ____, so not recording a ___ ____
they also recorded ___ ___, not a single ___
outside cellular space, so not recording a single cell
fiber bundles, not a single axon
In another experiment, a ____ ___ delivers a small amount of ___ ___ to the ___ ___ ____
stimulating electrode delivers a small amount of electric current to the Schaffer collateral fibers
the ___ ___ ___ detects a ___ of ____ ____ in the ___ region and generates a ____
extracellular recording electrode detects a population of depolarizing synapses in the CA1 region and generates a waveform
the ____ of the slope of the waveform represents the ___ of ____ ___ around the ____ ____
steepness of the slope of the waveform represents the amount of synaptic depolarization around the recording electrode
when a cell is depolarized, the outside (where the electrode is recording) becomes more ____
a steeper slope means more ___ ___ at the region, and a bigger ___ in those neurons
negative
synaptic strength at that region, and a bigger EPSP in those neurons
long-term potentiation (LTP) was discovered in the _____s by ___ and ___
1970s by Bliss and Lomo
their discovery involved the ____ of a ____ of ____ ____ ____ and recording from a ____ of ____ _____
stimulation of a group of presynaptic hippocampal neurons and recording from a group of postsynaptic neurons
____ and ____ post-synaptic responses could be elicited with ___-___ ____
stable and predictable post-synaptic responses could be elicited with low-level stimulation
applying a ___, ___ ___ burst of ____ ____ to the ____ ____ produced a change in the ____ of the ____ ____ that was _____
brief, high frequency burst of electrical stimuli to the presynaptic neurons produced a change in the response of the postsynaptic cells that was permanent
