Lecture 4 - Introducing LTP Flashcards
the case of ____ was a historical and paradigm shifting case study for ____ research
HM was a historical and paradigm shifting case study for memory research
HM’s case provided researchers with a place to ____ exploring ____ related to _____
begin exploring mechanisms related to neuroplasticity
HM underwent a ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ and the removal of the ____
bilateral medial temporal lobe resection and the removal of the hippocampus
HM’s performance on the ___ task was the first hint that there may be different ____ ____ that reside ____ of the ____ ____
mirror-tracing task was the first hint that there may be different memory systems that reside outside of the temporal lobe
the two types of long-term memory are ____ and ____ (____) memory
declarative and nondeclarative (procedural) memory
declarative memory is things you know that you can _____ _____
tell others
declarative memory can be tested readily in ____ because they can ____
Henry Molaison was unable to form ____ ____ _____
humans because they can talk
new declarative memories
nondeclarative (procedural) is things you know that you can ___ by ____
show by doing
nondeclarative memory can be tested readily in ____ and ____ ____
HM was capable of this form of memory, exemplified by the skill of ___ ____
humans and other animals
mirror tracing
the two types of declarative memory are _____ and ____
semantic and episodic
semantic memory is knowing the ____ of a ____ without necessarily remembering ____ ___ ____ ____ ____
knowing a ____
meaning of a word without necessarily remembering where you learned the word
fact
episodic memory is ____ ____ (____) memories
detailed autobiographical (personal) memories
the ___ ___ ___ and ____ ____ are important for declarative memories
medial temporal cortex and subcortical structures are important for declarative memories
important for declarative memories:
___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ cortices
____ cortex and ____ cortex
____ cortex
____
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate cortices
perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex
entorhinal cortex
hippocampus
the hippocampus is not receiving ____ from the ____ ___, but from other _____ ____ ____, based on their _____ with the ____ ____
info from the external world, but from other structures around it, based on their interactions with the external world
3 ideas that guided researches as they explored mechanisms related to learning and memory:
- identify which ____ are ____ during a particular ____ ____
- how are they ____ (____, ___, and ____)
- how do we ____ ___ to _____ our ____
- identify which neurons are engaged during a particular memory event
- how are they changed (structure, function, and cellular)
- how do we retrieve them to influence our behavior
memories result from ____ in the _____ among a ____ of _____ that ____ to a particular ____
changes in the connectivity among a collection of neurons that respond to a particular experience
changes are not ____ to a ____ ____, but rather are ____ through the regions of the brain ____ during ____-____ ____
localized to a dedicated area, but rather are distributed through the regions of the brain engaged during memory-producing events
the duration of the changes can be ____-___, or ____
short-lived, or permanent
hippocampus and memory research
____ of the circuit
ease of ____ within this circuit
important component of our ____ ____, and thus ____ were excellent models in ____ the circuit
simplicity of the circuit
ease of recording within this circuit
spatial map, and thus rodents were excellent models in dissecting the circuit
the hippocampus has a very interesting anatomical organization, commonly called the _____ ____/____
anatomical organization, commonly called the trisynaptic circuit/loop
the ____ ____ of the rodent hippocampus shows the ____ of the ____ of ____
schematic representation of the rodent hippocampus shows the direction of the flow of information
trisynaptic circuit/loop:
_____ ____ -> (___ ___) -> ____ ____ -> (___ ___) -> ___ ___ ___ -> (___ ___) -> ___ ___ ___
entorhinal cortex -> (perforant path) -> dentate gyrus -> (mossy fibers) -> CA3 pyramidal cells -> (schaffer collaterals) -> CA1 pyramidal cells
the main cell type in the dentate gyrus is ___ ___
these cells are highly ____, not everything ___ ____
they ___ ____
granule cells
highly selective, not everything goes through
they filter info