Lecture 4 - Introducing LTP

Question 1

the case of ____ was a historical and paradigm shifting case study for ____ research

Answer 1

HM was a historical and paradigm shifting case study for memory research

Question 2

HM’s case provided researchers with a place to ____ exploring ____ related to _____

Answer 2

begin exploring mechanisms related to neuroplasticity

Question 3

HM underwent a ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ and the removal of the ____

Answer 3

bilateral medial temporal lobe resection and the removal of the hippocampus

Question 4

HM’s performance on the ___ task was the first hint that there may be different ____ ____ that reside ____ of the ____ ____

Answer 4

mirror-tracing task was the first hint that there may be different memory systems that reside outside of the temporal lobe

Question 5

the two types of long-term memory are ____ and ____ (____) memory

Answer 5

declarative and nondeclarative (procedural) memory

Question 6

declarative memory is things you know that you can _____ _____

Answer 6

tell others

Question 7

declarative memory can be tested readily in ____ because they can ____

Henry Molaison was unable to form ____ ____ _____

Answer 7

humans because they can talk

new declarative memories

Question 8

nondeclarative (procedural) is things you know that you can ___ by ____

Answer 8

show by doing

Question 9

nondeclarative memory can be tested readily in ____ and ____ ____

HM was capable of this form of memory, exemplified by the skill of ___ ____

Answer 9

humans and other animals

mirror tracing

Question 10

the two types of declarative memory are _____ and ____

Answer 10

semantic and episodic

Question 11

semantic memory is knowing the ____ of a ____ without necessarily remembering ____ ___ ____ ____ ____

knowing a ____

Answer 11

meaning of a word without necessarily remembering where you learned the word

fact

Question 12

episodic memory is ____ ____ (____) memories

Answer 12

detailed autobiographical (personal) memories

Question 13

the ___ ___ ___ and ____ ____ are important for declarative memories

Answer 13

medial temporal cortex and subcortical structures are important for declarative memories

Question 14

important for declarative memories:

___, ____, ____, ____, and ____ cortices

____ cortex and ____ cortex

____ cortex

____

Answer 14

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate cortices

perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex

entorhinal cortex

hippocampus

Question 15

the hippocampus is not receiving ____ from the ____ ___, but from other _____ ____ ____, based on their _____ with the ____ ____

Answer 15

info from the external world, but from other structures around it, based on their interactions with the external world

Question 16

3 ideas that guided researches as they explored mechanisms related to learning and memory:

1. identify which ____ are ____ during a particular ____ ____
2. how are they ____ (____, ___, and ____)
3. how do we ____ ___ to _____ our ____

Answer 16

1. identify which neurons are engaged during a particular memory event
2. how are they changed (structure, function, and cellular)
3. how do we retrieve them to influence our behavior

Question 17

memories result from ____ in the _____ among a ____ of _____ that ____ to a particular ____

Answer 17

changes in the connectivity among a collection of neurons that respond to a particular experience

Question 18

changes are not ____ to a ____ ____, but rather are ____ through the regions of the brain ____ during ____-____ ____

Answer 18

localized to a dedicated area, but rather are distributed through the regions of the brain engaged during memory-producing events

Question 19

the duration of the changes can be ____-___, or ____

Answer 19

short-lived, or permanent

Question 20

hippocampus and memory research

____ of the circuit

ease of ____ within this circuit

important component of our ____ ____, and thus ____ were excellent models in ____ the circuit

Answer 20

simplicity of the circuit

ease of recording within this circuit

spatial map, and thus rodents were excellent models in dissecting the circuit

Question 21

the hippocampus has a very interesting anatomical organization, commonly called the _____ ____/____

Answer 21

anatomical organization, commonly called the trisynaptic circuit/loop

Question 22

the ____ ____ of the rodent hippocampus shows the ____ of the ____ of ____

Answer 22

schematic representation of the rodent hippocampus shows the direction of the flow of information

Question 23

trisynaptic circuit/loop:

_____ ____ -> (___ ___) -> ____ ____ -> (___ ___) -> ___ ___ ___ -> (___ ___) -> ___ ___ ___

Answer 23

entorhinal cortex -> (perforant path) -> dentate gyrus -> (mossy fibers) -> CA3 pyramidal cells -> (schaffer collaterals) -> CA1 pyramidal cells

Question 24

the main cell type in the dentate gyrus is ___ ___

these cells are highly ____, not everything ___ ____

they ___ ____

Answer 24

granule cells

highly selective, not everything goes through

they filter info

Question 25

there are ____ cells in the dentate gyrus layer

___ ___ are made ____

this allows for increased ____ and different ____ to ____

Answer 25

progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus layer

new neurons are made everyday

increased plasticity and different responses to gaba

Question 26

the _____ ____ are the axons of the granule cells

Answer 26

mossy fibers are the axons of the granule cells

Question 27

the major ____ of the rat hippocampus are analogous to those in ____

Answer 27

major projections of the rat hippocampus are analogous to those in humans

Question 28

bliss and lomo discovered _____ by stimulating the ____ ____ and recording in the ___ ____

Answer 28

LTP by stimulating the perforant path and recording in the dentate gyrus

Question 29

bliss and lomo first applied a ____ ____ to the ____ ____ and measured ___ ____

they then applied a ____ ___ to the ____ ____. it evoked ___ ___ ___ than the initial ____ ____

in addition, however, the strong stimulus produced an ___ _____ in the ___ ___ to the ___ ____. this enhanced response is called ___-___ ____

Answer 29

bliss and lomo first applied a weak stimulus to the perforant path and measured synaptic activity

they then applied a strong stimulus to the perforant path. it evoked more synaptic activity than the initial weak stimulus

in addition, however, the strong stimulus produced an enduring increase in the synaptic response to the weak stimulus. this enhanced response is called long-term potentiation

Question 30

bliss and lomo recorded from the ___ ___ ____, so not recording a ___ ____

they also recorded ___ ___, not a single ___

Answer 30

outside cellular space, so not recording a single cell

fiber bundles, not a single axon

Question 31

In another experiment, a ____ ___ delivers a small amount of ___ ___ to the ___ ___ ____

Answer 31

stimulating electrode delivers a small amount of electric current to the Schaffer collateral fibers

Question 32

the ___ ___ ___ detects a ___ of ____ ____ in the ___ region and generates a ____

Answer 32

extracellular recording electrode detects a population of depolarizing synapses in the CA1 region and generates a waveform

Question 33

the ____ of the slope of the waveform represents the ___ of ____ ___ around the ____ ____

Answer 33

steepness of the slope of the waveform represents the amount of synaptic depolarization around the recording electrode

Question 34

when a cell is depolarized, the outside (where the electrode is recording) becomes more ____

a steeper slope means more ___ ___ at the region, and a bigger ___ in those neurons

Answer 34

negative

synaptic strength at that region, and a bigger EPSP in those neurons

Question 35

long-term potentiation (LTP) was discovered in the _____s by ___ and ___

Answer 35

1970s by Bliss and Lomo

Question 36

their discovery involved the ____ of a ____ of ____ ____ ____ and recording from a ____ of ____ _____

Answer 36

stimulation of a group of presynaptic hippocampal neurons and recording from a group of postsynaptic neurons

Question 37

____ and ____ post-synaptic responses could be elicited with ___-___ ____

Answer 37

stable and predictable post-synaptic responses could be elicited with low-level stimulation

Question 38

applying a ___, ___ ___ burst of ____ ____ to the ____ ____ produced a change in the ____ of the ____ ____ that was _____

Answer 38

brief, high frequency burst of electrical stimuli to the presynaptic neurons produced a change in the response of the postsynaptic cells that was permanent