Lecture 3 - Review of the Basics: Neuronal Communication and Synaptic Plasticity Flashcards
In order from dendrite to synapse, these are the structures:
1. ____
2. ____
3. ____
4. ____
5. ____
6. ____
7. ____
- dendrites
- cell body
- axon
- myelin sheath
- node of ranvier
- terminal buttons
- synapse
the resting membrane potential is the _____ ____ between the ___ and ____ of a _____ when the neuron is at ____
voltage difference btw the inside and outside of a neuron when the neuron is at rest
a typical neuron at rest has an RMP of ____
-65 millivolts
the ____ ____ ___ ____ inside the neuron is an absolute requirement for a functioning ___ ____
negative resting membrane potential inside the neuron is an absolute requirement for a functioning nervous system
the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is large ____ ____ ____ that ____ ____
negatively charged proteins that cannot leave
the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the cell membrane is selectively permeable to ____
____ ____ channels are key
K+
leaky K+ channels are key
the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the cell membrane does not allow ____ to ___ the ____
at rest, the membrane is ____ to ____
Na+ to cross the membrane
impermeable to Na+
the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the ___ ____ pump
____ Na+ ____ / ____ K+ ____
sodium-potassium
3 Na+ out / 2 K+ in
an action potential is an ____ message of a ____ that travels along the ____ to the ____ ____ ____
electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals
action potentials are ___ but ____ changes in ____ that start at the ____ ____ and are propagated at ___ ____ down the ___ ____
it is an ___ ____ ___ process
brief but large changes in polarization that start at the axon hillock and are propagated at high speed down the entire axon
all or none process
hyperpolarization is when the neuron becomes more ____
there is an ___ in membrane potential
action potential is ____ likely to happen
____ causes hyperpolarization
more negative
increase in membrane potential
less likely to happen
chloride causes hyperpolarization
depolarization is when the inside of the neuron becomes more ____
there is a ___ in membrane potential
action potential becomes ____ and ____ likely
___ ___ ____ open up and ____ rushes down its ____ ____
positive
decrease in membrane potential
more and more likely
voltage-gated Na+ channels open up and Na+ rushes down its concentration gradient
____ responses can lead to an ____ ____
depolarizing responses can lead to an action potential
if depolarization reaches a _____, then there is a rapid _____ of the ____ _____
threshold, then there is a rapid reversal of the membrane potential
action potential has an ___ ___ ____ property
this means it either ____ or it ____
all or none property
fires or it doesn’t
an action potential convey information about a stimulus through the ____ of ____
frequency of firing
in summary, neuronal communication depends on ____ in the ___ ____ ____
changes in the resting membrane potential
there are many _____ mechanisms in the brain, especially in ____
compensatory mechanisms in the brain, especially in children
resting state:
___ on inside, ____ on outside
_____ gates on sodium and potassium channels are closed
____ gates on sodium channels are open
negative on inside, positive on outside
activation
inactivation
depolarization:
___ on inside, ____ on outside
activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are closed
inactivation gates on ____ are open
(less) negative on inside, positive on outside
some Na+ channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are closed
Na+ channels are open
rising phase:
___ on inside, ____ on outside
activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are closed
inactivation gates on ____ are open
positive on inside, negative on outside
all sodium channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are closed
Na+ channels are open
falling phase:
___ on inside, ____ on outside
activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are open
inactivation gates on Na+ channels are _____
negative on inside, positive on outside
all Na+ channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are open
inactivation gates on Na+ channels are closed
undershoot:
___ on inside, ____ on outside
activation gates on Na+ channels are _____, activation gates on K+ channels are ____
inactivation gates on Na+ channels are _____
negative on inside, positive on outside
activation gates on Na+ channels are closed, activation gates on K+ channels are open
inactivation gates on Na+ channels are closed
critically important to AP is the ____-____ ____ ____
voltage-gated Na+ channel
the voltage-gated sodium channel is an ion channel that is highly ____ to _____
it is open and closed by ____ in the _____ ____
selective to Na+
changes in the membrane potential
the voltage-gated Na+ channel is a ____ ___ ____ (chain of ___ ___) with intricate configuration that creates a ____
single long polypeptide (chain of amino acids) with intricate configuration that creates a pore
the voltage-gated sodium channel is ____ when at resting membrane potential
depolarization leads to ____ of this molecule to ____ the ____
closed when at resting membrane potential
twisting of this molecule to open the pore
voltage-gated Na+ channels open with ____ ____
they stay open for about ____ ____ then they ____
they cannot open again until the membrane ______ to a ____ ____ (____ ____ period)
little delay
1msec then they inactivate
returns to a negative value (absolute refractory period)
voltage gated Na+ channels are found at the ___ ___ because they are important for ____ an ___ ____
they are also found along the ____ of ____
axon hillock because they are important for initiating an action potential
nodes of ranvier
the upper limit of firing is about _____ AP/sec
this doesn’t happen everywhere. different neurons have more than others, which suggests ____ in ____ AND ____
1200 AP/sec
diversity in structure AND function
an AP in the presynaptic neuron causes ____ changes in a ______ _____
local changes in a postsynaptic neuron
whether a neuron fires or not depends on whether the ___ ____ reaches ____
integrated signal reaches threshold
summed EPSPs and IPSPs on the ____ ___ and ____ ____ _____ the membrane at the _____ ____ to _____ level, which generates an AP
dendritic tree and cell body depolarize the membrane at the axon hillock to threshold level, which generates an AP
synaptic transmission:
- ___ ___ arrives at the ___ ___
- action potential arrives at the axon terminal
synaptic transmission:
- the influx of _____ causes the synaptic ____ to ____ with the ____ ____ and ____, which causes the ____ to be ____
- the influx of Ca2+ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and rupture, which causes the neurotransmitter to be released
synaptic transmission:
- ____ within the axon terminal opens _____ ____ channels
- depolarization within the axon terminal opens voltage-gated calcium channels
synaptic transmission:
- ____ crosses the _____ ____ and binds to special ____ molecules
- neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft and binds to special receptor molecules
synaptic transmission:
- binding of ____ to its ____ leads to the ____ of ____ ___ in the ____ ____, and creates a ____ ____ or ____
- binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor leads to the opening of ion channels in the post-synaptic membrane, and creates a local EPSP or IPSP
the binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor ___ ___ ____ in the postsynaptic neuron
opens ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron
there are many ____ ____ for each ____ of _____
different receptors for each type of transmitter
an unbound receptor is normally ____
closed
an endogenous ligand is a ____ ____ molecule, such as a _____, that binds to the _____
an endogenous ligand usually ____ its cognate receptor, and is therefore classified as an _____
naturally occurring molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, that binds to the receptor
activates its cognate receptor, and is therefore classified as an agonist
an exogenous ligand (that is, a ____ or ____) that resembles the ____ ____ and is capable of ____ to the _____ and _____ it is classified as a _____ _____
an exogenous ligand (that is, a drug or toxin) that resembles the endogenous ligand is capable of binding to the receptor and activating it is classified as a receptor agonist
competitive antagonists are substances that bind to ____ but do not ____ them
they simply ____ the ____ from ____ to the receptors
receptors but do not activate them
block the agonists from binding to the receptors
drugs that are noncompetitive antagonists bind to _____ ____ at a site that is _____ from where the ____ ____ binds
target receptors at a site that is different from where the endogenous ligand binds
there are ___ types of glutamate receptors. they are….
3 types of glutamate receptors. they are AMPA, Kainate, NMDA
____ receptors do not usually respond to ____ because pores are blocked by _____
NMDA receptors do not usually respond to glutamate because pores are blocked by Mg2+
2 events need to happen in order to activate NMDA receptors:
1. NMDA receptors must be activated by ____
2. post-synaptic cell must _____ and ____ _____
- NMDA receptors must be activated by glutamate
- post-synaptic cell my depolarize and displace magnesium
AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA all let ____ pass through
only NMDA lets ____ pass through
Na+
Ca2+
before IRBs and ethical standards applied to our research, scientists experimented on ____ ____
their hypothesis was that ____ can be explained by ____ ____
little albert
phobias can be explained by classical conditioning
little albert research method:
- little albert was presented with ____ ____ that provoked a ___ ___. these ___ included a ___ ___ and ___ ____
- little albert was presented with neutral objects that provoked a neutral response. these objects included a white rat and costume mask
little albert research method:
- during conditioning trials, when albert reached for the ____ ____ (___), a loud ___ ___ (___) scared him (___)
- during conditioning trials, when albert reached for the white rat (CS), a loud clanging noise (US) scared him (UR)
little albert results:
eventually, the pairing of the ____ (___) and the ___ ___ (___) led to the rat’s ____ ___ (__) on its own
the fear response generalized to ___ ___ presented with the ___ initially, such as the ___ ___
rat (CS) and the clanging sound (US) led to the rat’s producing fear (CR) on its own
other stimuli presented with the rat initially, such as the costume masks
classical conditioning was a serendipitous observation by ___ ____
ivan pavlov
pavlov observed that dogs would begin to ____ to changes in the ____ that indicated the ____ of ____
salivate to changes in the environment that indicated the arrival of food
classical conditioning involves the ____ between 2 ____:
an originally ____ ___ is ____ to elicit an ____ ____
association between 2 stimuli:
neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response
the 3 main types of learning are:
1. ____
2. ____
3. ____
- nonassociative
- associative
- observational
nonassociative learning is learning about a ____, such as ___ or ____, in the ____ ____
stimulus, such as sight or sound, in the external world
associative learning is learning the ____ btw ___ ____ of ____
relationship btw two pieces of information
observational learning is learning by ____ how ___ ____
watching how others behave
operant conditioning
type of learning in which we ____ our ___ ___ with the ____ of those ____
associate our voluntary actions with the consequences of those actions
one of the earliest types of operant learning was described by ___ ____ with the __ __ and ___ experiment
he discovered that behavior is more likely to be repeated when followed by ___ ____
edward thorndike with the puzzle box and cats experiment
pleasurable outcome
the law of effect is the idea that:
behaviors followed by ___ ____ (___) are more likely to be repeated
Behaviors followed by ___ ___ (___) are less likely to be repeated
positive consequences (rewards)
negative consequences (punishments)
the two types of nonassociative learning are ____ and _____
habituation and sensitization
habituation is when our ____ ____ to a ____ _____
behavioral response to a stimulus decreases
sensitization is when our ___ ____ to a ____ ____
behavioral response to a stimulus increases
