Lecture 3 - Review of the Basics: Neuronal Communication and Synaptic Plasticity

Question 1

In order from dendrite to synapse, these are the structures:
1. ____
2. ____
3. ____
4. ____
5. ____
6. ____
7. ____

Answer 1

1. dendrites
2. cell body
3. axon
4. myelin sheath
5. node of ranvier
6. terminal buttons
7. synapse

Question 2

the resting membrane potential is the _____ ____ between the ___ and ____ of a _____ when the neuron is at ____

Answer 2

voltage difference btw the inside and outside of a neuron when the neuron is at rest

Question 3

a typical neuron at rest has an RMP of ____

Answer 3

-65 millivolts

Question 4

the ____ ____ ___ ____ inside the neuron is an absolute requirement for a functioning ___ ____

Answer 4

negative resting membrane potential inside the neuron is an absolute requirement for a functioning nervous system

Question 5

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is large ____ ____ ____ that ____ ____

Answer 5

negatively charged proteins that cannot leave

Question 6

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the cell membrane is selectively permeable to ____

____ ____ channels are key

Answer 6

K+

leaky K+ channels are key

Question 7

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the cell membrane does not allow ____ to ___ the ____

at rest, the membrane is ____ to ____

Answer 7

Na+ to cross the membrane

impermeable to Na+

Question 8

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the ___ ____ pump

____ Na+ ____ / ____ K+ ____

Answer 8

sodium-potassium

3 Na+ out / 2 K+ in

Question 9

an action potential is an ____ message of a ____ that travels along the ____ to the ____ ____ ____

Answer 9

electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

Question 10

action potentials are ___ but ____ changes in ____ that start at the ____ ____ and are propagated at ___ ____ down the ___ ____

it is an ___ ____ ___ process

Answer 10

brief but large changes in polarization that start at the axon hillock and are propagated at high speed down the entire axon

all or none process

Question 11

hyperpolarization is when the neuron becomes more ____

there is an ___ in membrane potential

action potential is ____ likely to happen

____ causes hyperpolarization

Answer 11

more negative

increase in membrane potential

less likely to happen

chloride causes hyperpolarization

Question 12

depolarization is when the inside of the neuron becomes more ____

there is a ___ in membrane potential

action potential becomes ____ and ____ likely

___ ___ ____ open up and ____ rushes down its ____ ____

Answer 12

positive

decrease in membrane potential

more and more likely

voltage-gated Na+ channels open up and Na+ rushes down its concentration gradient

Question 13

____ responses can lead to an ____ ____

Answer 13

depolarizing responses can lead to an action potential

Question 14

if depolarization reaches a _____, then there is a rapid _____ of the ____ _____

Answer 14

threshold, then there is a rapid reversal of the membrane potential

Question 15

action potential has an ___ ___ ____ property

this means it either ____ or it ____

Answer 15

all or none property

fires or it doesn’t

Question 16

an action potential convey information about a stimulus through the ____ of ____

Answer 16

frequency of firing

Question 17

in summary, neuronal communication depends on ____ in the ___ ____ ____

Answer 17

changes in the resting membrane potential

Question 18

there are many _____ mechanisms in the brain, especially in ____

Answer 18

compensatory mechanisms in the brain, especially in children

Question 19

resting state:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

_____ gates on sodium and potassium channels are closed

____ gates on sodium channels are open

Answer 19

negative on inside, positive on outside

activation

inactivation

Question 20

depolarization:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are closed

inactivation gates on ____ are open

Answer 20

(less) negative on inside, positive on outside

some Na+ channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are closed

Na+ channels are open

Question 21

rising phase:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are closed

inactivation gates on ____ are open

Answer 21

positive on inside, negative on outside

all sodium channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are closed

Na+ channels are open

Question 22

falling phase:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are open

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are _____

Answer 22

negative on inside, positive on outside

all Na+ channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are open

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are closed

Question 23

undershoot:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on Na+ channels are _____, activation gates on K+ channels are ____

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are _____

Answer 23

negative on inside, positive on outside

activation gates on Na+ channels are closed, activation gates on K+ channels are open

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are closed

Question 24

critically important to AP is the ____-____ ____ ____

Answer 24

voltage-gated Na+ channel

Question 25

the voltage-gated sodium channel is an ion channel that is highly ____ to _____ it is open and closed by ____ in the _____ ____

Answer 25

selective to Na+ changes in the membrane potential

Question 26

the voltage-gated Na+ channel is a ____ ___ ____ (chain of ___ ___) with intricate configuration that creates a ____

Answer 26

single long polypeptide (chain of amino acids) with intricate configuration that creates a pore

Question 27

the voltage-gated sodium channel is ____ when at resting membrane potential depolarization leads to ____ of this molecule to ____ the ____

Answer 27

closed when at resting membrane potential twisting of this molecule to open the pore

Question 28

voltage-gated Na+ channels open with ____ ____ they stay open for about ____ ____ then they ____ they cannot open again until the membrane ______ to a ____ ____ (____ ____ period)

Answer 28

little delay 1msec then they inactivate returns to a negative value (absolute refractory period)

Question 29

voltage gated Na+ channels are found at the ___ ___ because they are important for ____ an ___ ____ they are also found along the ____ of ____

Answer 29

axon hillock because they are important for initiating an action potential nodes of ranvier

Question 30

the upper limit of firing is about _____ AP/sec this doesn't happen everywhere. different neurons have more than others, which suggests ____ in ____ AND ____

Answer 30

1200 AP/sec diversity in structure AND function

Question 31

an AP in the presynaptic neuron causes ____ changes in a ______ _____

Answer 31

local changes in a postsynaptic neuron

Question 32

whether a neuron fires or not depends on whether the ___ ____ reaches ____

Answer 32

integrated signal reaches threshold

Question 33

summed EPSPs and IPSPs on the ____ ___ and ____ ____ _____ the membrane at the _____ ____ to _____ level, which generates an AP

Answer 33

dendritic tree and cell body depolarize the membrane at the axon hillock to threshold level, which generates an AP

Question 34

synaptic transmission: 1. ___ ___ arrives at the ___ ___

Answer 34

1. action potential arrives at the axon terminal

Question 35

synaptic transmission: 3. the influx of _____ causes the synaptic ____ to ____ with the ____ ____ and ____, which causes the ____ to be ____

Answer 35

3. the influx of Ca2+ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and rupture, which causes the neurotransmitter to be released

Question 36

synaptic transmission: 2. ____ within the axon terminal opens _____ ____ channels

Answer 36

2. depolarization within the axon terminal opens voltage-gated calcium channels

Question 37

synaptic transmission: 4. ____ crosses the _____ ____ and binds to special ____ molecules

Answer 37

4. neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft and binds to special receptor molecules

Question 38

synaptic transmission: 5. binding of ____ to its ____ leads to the ____ of ____ ___ in the ____ ____, and creates a ____ ____ or ____

Answer 38

5. binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor leads to the opening of ion channels in the post-synaptic membrane, and creates a local EPSP or IPSP

Question 39

the binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor ___ ___ ____ in the postsynaptic neuron

Answer 39

opens ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 40

there are many ____ ____ for each ____ of _____

Answer 40

different receptors for each type of transmitter

Question 41

an unbound receptor is normally ____

Answer 41

closed

Question 42

an endogenous ligand is a ____ ____ molecule, such as a _____, that binds to the _____ an endogenous ligand usually ____ its cognate receptor, and is therefore classified as an _____

Answer 42

naturally occurring molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, that binds to the receptor activates its cognate receptor, and is therefore classified as an agonist

Question 43

an exogenous ligand (that is, a ____ or ____) that resembles the ____ ____ and is capable of ____ to the _____ and _____ it is classified as a _____ _____

Answer 43

an exogenous ligand (that is, a drug or toxin) that resembles the endogenous ligand is capable of binding to the receptor and activating it is classified as a receptor agonist

Question 44

competitive antagonists are substances that bind to ____ but do not ____ them they simply ____ the ____ from ____ to the receptors

Answer 44

receptors but do not activate them block the agonists from binding to the receptors

Question 45

drugs that are noncompetitive antagonists bind to _____ ____ at a site that is _____ from where the ____ ____ binds

Answer 45

target receptors at a site that is different from where the endogenous ligand binds

Question 46

there are ___ types of glutamate receptors. they are....

Answer 46

3 types of glutamate receptors. they are AMPA, Kainate, NMDA

Question 47

____ receptors do not usually respond to ____ because pores are blocked by _____

Answer 47

NMDA receptors do not usually respond to glutamate because pores are blocked by Mg2+

Question 48

2 events need to happen in order to activate NMDA receptors: 1. NMDA receptors must be activated by ____ 2. post-synaptic cell must _____ and ____ _____

Answer 48

1. NMDA receptors must be activated by glutamate 2. post-synaptic cell my depolarize and displace magnesium

Question 49

AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA all let ____ pass through only NMDA lets ____ pass through

Answer 49

Na+ Ca2+

Question 50

before IRBs and ethical standards applied to our research, scientists experimented on ____ ____ their hypothesis was that ____ can be explained by ____ ____

Answer 50

little albert phobias can be explained by classical conditioning

Question 51

little albert research method: 1. little albert was presented with ____ ____ that provoked a ___ ___. these ___ included a ___ ___ and ___ ____

Answer 51

1. little albert was presented with neutral objects that provoked a neutral response. these objects included a white rat and costume mask

Question 52

little albert research method: 2. during conditioning trials, when albert reached for the ____ ____ (___), a loud ___ ___ (___) scared him (___)

Answer 52

2. during conditioning trials, when albert reached for the white rat (CS), a loud clanging noise (US) scared him (UR)

Question 53

little albert results: eventually, the pairing of the ____ (___) and the ___ ___ (___) led to the rat's ____ ___ (__) on its own the fear response generalized to ___ ___ presented with the ___ initially, such as the ___ ___

Answer 53

rat (CS) and the clanging sound (US) led to the rat's producing fear (CR) on its own other stimuli presented with the rat initially, such as the costume masks

Question 54

classical conditioning was a serendipitous observation by ___ ____

Answer 54

ivan pavlov

Question 55

pavlov observed that dogs would begin to ____ to changes in the ____ that indicated the ____ of ____

Answer 55

salivate to changes in the environment that indicated the arrival of food

Question 56

classical conditioning involves the ____ between 2 ____: an originally ____ ___ is ____ to elicit an ____ ____

Answer 56

association between 2 stimuli: neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response

Question 57

the 3 main types of learning are: 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____

Answer 57

1. nonassociative 2. associative 3. observational

Question 58

nonassociative learning is learning about a ____, such as ___ or ____, in the ____ ____

Answer 58

stimulus, such as sight or sound, in the external world

Question 58

associative learning is learning the ____ btw ___ ____ of ____

Answer 58

relationship btw two pieces of information

Question 59

observational learning is learning by ____ how ___ ____

Answer 59

watching how others behave

Question 59

operant conditioning type of learning in which we ____ our ___ ___ with the ____ of those ____

Answer 59

associate our voluntary actions with the consequences of those actions

Question 60

one of the earliest types of operant learning was described by ___ ____ with the __ __ and ___ experiment he discovered that behavior is more likely to be repeated when followed by ___ ____

Answer 60

edward thorndike with the puzzle box and cats experiment pleasurable outcome

Question 61

the law of effect is the idea that: behaviors followed by ___ ____ (___) are more likely to be repeated Behaviors followed by ___ ___ (___) are less likely to be repeated

Answer 61

positive consequences (rewards) negative consequences (punishments)

Question 62

the two types of nonassociative learning are ____ and _____

Answer 62

habituation and sensitization

Question 63

habituation is when our ____ ____ to a ____ _____

Answer 63

behavioral response to a stimulus decreases

Question 64

sensitization is when our ___ ____ to a ____ ____

Answer 64

behavioral response to a stimulus increases