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NRSC 2205 > Lecture 3 - Review of the Basics: Neuronal Communication and Synaptic Plasticity > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Review of the Basics: Neuronal Communication and Synaptic Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

In order from dendrite to synapse, these are the structures:
1. ____
2. ____
3. ____
4. ____
5. ____
6. ____
7. ____

A
  1. dendrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
  4. myelin sheath
  5. node of ranvier
  6. terminal buttons
  7. synapse
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2
Q

the resting membrane potential is the _____ ____ between the ___ and ____ of a _____ when the neuron is at ____

A

voltage difference btw the inside and outside of a neuron when the neuron is at rest

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3
Q

a typical neuron at rest has an RMP of ____

A

-65 millivolts

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4
Q

the ____ ____ ___ ____ inside the neuron is an absolute requirement for a functioning ___ ____

A

negative resting membrane potential inside the neuron is an absolute requirement for a functioning nervous system

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5
Q

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is large ____ ____ ____ that ____ ____

A

negatively charged proteins that cannot leave

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6
Q

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the cell membrane is selectively permeable to ____

____ ____ channels are key

A

K+

leaky K+ channels are key

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7
Q

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the cell membrane does not allow ____ to ___ the ____

at rest, the membrane is ____ to ____

A

Na+ to cross the membrane

impermeable to Na+

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8
Q

the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential is the ___ ____ pump

____ Na+ ____ / ____ K+ ____

A

sodium-potassium

3 Na+ out / 2 K+ in

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9
Q

an action potential is an ____ message of a ____ that travels along the ____ to the ____ ____ ____

A

electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

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10
Q

action potentials are ___ but ____ changes in ____ that start at the ____ ____ and are propagated at ___ ____ down the ___ ____

it is an ___ ____ ___ process

A

brief but large changes in polarization that start at the axon hillock and are propagated at high speed down the entire axon

all or none process

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11
Q

hyperpolarization is when the neuron becomes more ____

there is an ___ in membrane potential

action potential is ____ likely to happen

____ causes hyperpolarization

A

more negative

increase in membrane potential

less likely to happen

chloride causes hyperpolarization

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12
Q

depolarization is when the inside of the neuron becomes more ____

there is a ___ in membrane potential

action potential becomes ____ and ____ likely

___ ___ ____ open up and ____ rushes down its ____ ____

A

positive

decrease in membrane potential

more and more likely

voltage-gated Na+ channels open up and Na+ rushes down its concentration gradient

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13
Q

____ responses can lead to an ____ ____

A

depolarizing responses can lead to an action potential

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14
Q

if depolarization reaches a _____, then there is a rapid _____ of the ____ _____

A

threshold, then there is a rapid reversal of the membrane potential

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15
Q

action potential has an ___ ___ ____ property

this means it either ____ or it ____

A

all or none property

fires or it doesn’t

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16
Q

an action potential convey information about a stimulus through the ____ of ____

A

frequency of firing

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17
Q

in summary, neuronal communication depends on ____ in the ___ ____ ____

A

changes in the resting membrane potential

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18
Q

there are many _____ mechanisms in the brain, especially in ____

A

compensatory mechanisms in the brain, especially in children

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19
Q

resting state:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

_____ gates on sodium and potassium channels are closed

____ gates on sodium channels are open

A

negative on inside, positive on outside

activation

inactivation

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20
Q

depolarization:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are closed

inactivation gates on ____ are open

A

(less) negative on inside, positive on outside

some Na+ channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are closed

Na+ channels are open

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21
Q

rising phase:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are closed

inactivation gates on ____ are open

A

positive on inside, negative on outside

all sodium channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are closed

Na+ channels are open

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22
Q

falling phase:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on ___ ____ channels are open, activation gates on ____ channels are open

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are _____

A

negative on inside, positive on outside

all Na+ channels are open, activation gates on K+ channels are open

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are closed

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23
Q

undershoot:

___ on inside, ____ on outside

activation gates on Na+ channels are _____, activation gates on K+ channels are ____

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are _____

A

negative on inside, positive on outside

activation gates on Na+ channels are closed, activation gates on K+ channels are open

inactivation gates on Na+ channels are closed

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24
Q

critically important to AP is the ____-____ ____ ____

A

voltage-gated Na+ channel

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25
Q

the voltage-gated sodium channel is an ion channel that is highly ____ to _____

it is open and closed by ____ in the _____ ____

A

selective to Na+

changes in the membrane potential

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26
Q

the voltage-gated Na+ channel is a ____ ___ ____ (chain of ___ ___) with intricate configuration that creates a ____

A

single long polypeptide (chain of amino acids) with intricate configuration that creates a pore

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27
Q

the voltage-gated sodium channel is ____ when at resting membrane potential

depolarization leads to ____ of this molecule to ____ the ____

A

closed when at resting membrane potential

twisting of this molecule to open the pore

28
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channels open with ____ ____

they stay open for about ____ ____ then they ____

they cannot open again until the membrane ______ to a ____ ____ (____ ____ period)

A

little delay

1msec then they inactivate

returns to a negative value (absolute refractory period)

29
Q

voltage gated Na+ channels are found at the ___ ___ because they are important for ____ an ___ ____

they are also found along the ____ of ____

A

axon hillock because they are important for initiating an action potential

nodes of ranvier

30
Q

the upper limit of firing is about _____ AP/sec

this doesn’t happen everywhere. different neurons have more than others, which suggests ____ in ____ AND ____

A

1200 AP/sec

diversity in structure AND function

31
Q

an AP in the presynaptic neuron causes ____ changes in a ______ _____

A

local changes in a postsynaptic neuron

32
Q

whether a neuron fires or not depends on whether the ___ ____ reaches ____

A

integrated signal reaches threshold

33
Q

summed EPSPs and IPSPs on the ____ ___ and ____ ____ _____ the membrane at the _____ ____ to _____ level, which generates an AP

A

dendritic tree and cell body depolarize the membrane at the axon hillock to threshold level, which generates an AP

34
Q

synaptic transmission:

  1. ___ ___ arrives at the ___ ___
A
  1. action potential arrives at the axon terminal
35
Q

synaptic transmission:

  1. the influx of _____ causes the synaptic ____ to ____ with the ____ ____ and ____, which causes the ____ to be ____
A
  1. the influx of Ca2+ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and rupture, which causes the neurotransmitter to be released
36
Q

synaptic transmission:

  1. ____ within the axon terminal opens _____ ____ channels
A
  1. depolarization within the axon terminal opens voltage-gated calcium channels
37
Q

synaptic transmission:

  1. ____ crosses the _____ ____ and binds to special ____ molecules
A
  1. neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft and binds to special receptor molecules
38
Q

synaptic transmission:

  1. binding of ____ to its ____ leads to the ____ of ____ ___ in the ____ ____, and creates a ____ ____ or ____
A
  1. binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor leads to the opening of ion channels in the post-synaptic membrane, and creates a local EPSP or IPSP
39
Q

the binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor ___ ___ ____ in the postsynaptic neuron

A

opens ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron

40
Q

there are many ____ ____ for each ____ of _____

A

different receptors for each type of transmitter

41
Q

an unbound receptor is normally ____

A

closed

42
Q

an endogenous ligand is a ____ ____ molecule, such as a _____, that binds to the _____

an endogenous ligand usually ____ its cognate receptor, and is therefore classified as an _____

A

naturally occurring molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, that binds to the receptor

activates its cognate receptor, and is therefore classified as an agonist

43
Q

an exogenous ligand (that is, a ____ or ____) that resembles the ____ ____ and is capable of ____ to the _____ and _____ it is classified as a _____ _____

A

an exogenous ligand (that is, a drug or toxin) that resembles the endogenous ligand is capable of binding to the receptor and activating it is classified as a receptor agonist

44
Q

competitive antagonists are substances that bind to ____ but do not ____ them

they simply ____ the ____ from ____ to the receptors

A

receptors but do not activate them

block the agonists from binding to the receptors

45
Q

drugs that are noncompetitive antagonists bind to _____ ____ at a site that is _____ from where the ____ ____ binds

A

target receptors at a site that is different from where the endogenous ligand binds

46
Q

there are ___ types of glutamate receptors. they are….

A

3 types of glutamate receptors. they are AMPA, Kainate, NMDA

47
Q

____ receptors do not usually respond to ____ because pores are blocked by _____

A

NMDA receptors do not usually respond to glutamate because pores are blocked by Mg2+

48
Q

2 events need to happen in order to activate NMDA receptors:
1. NMDA receptors must be activated by ____
2. post-synaptic cell must _____ and ____ _____

A
  1. NMDA receptors must be activated by glutamate
  2. post-synaptic cell my depolarize and displace magnesium
49
Q

AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA all let ____ pass through

only NMDA lets ____ pass through

A

Na+

Ca2+

50
Q

before IRBs and ethical standards applied to our research, scientists experimented on ____ ____

their hypothesis was that ____ can be explained by ____ ____

A

little albert

phobias can be explained by classical conditioning

51
Q

little albert research method:

  1. little albert was presented with ____ ____ that provoked a ___ ___. these ___ included a ___ ___ and ___ ____
A
  1. little albert was presented with neutral objects that provoked a neutral response. these objects included a white rat and costume mask
52
Q

little albert research method:

  1. during conditioning trials, when albert reached for the ____ ____ (___), a loud ___ ___ (___) scared him (___)
A
  1. during conditioning trials, when albert reached for the white rat (CS), a loud clanging noise (US) scared him (UR)
53
Q

little albert results:

eventually, the pairing of the ____ (___) and the ___ ___ (___) led to the rat’s ____ ___ (__) on its own

the fear response generalized to ___ ___ presented with the ___ initially, such as the ___ ___

A

rat (CS) and the clanging sound (US) led to the rat’s producing fear (CR) on its own

other stimuli presented with the rat initially, such as the costume masks

54
Q

classical conditioning was a serendipitous observation by ___ ____

A

ivan pavlov

55
Q

pavlov observed that dogs would begin to ____ to changes in the ____ that indicated the ____ of ____

A

salivate to changes in the environment that indicated the arrival of food

56
Q

classical conditioning involves the ____ between 2 ____:

an originally ____ ___ is ____ to elicit an ____ ____

A

association between 2 stimuli:

neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response

57
Q

the 3 main types of learning are:
1. ____
2. ____
3. ____

A
  1. nonassociative
  2. associative
  3. observational
58
Q

nonassociative learning is learning about a ____, such as ___ or ____, in the ____ ____

A

stimulus, such as sight or sound, in the external world

58
Q

associative learning is learning the ____ btw ___ ____ of ____

A

relationship btw two pieces of information

59
Q

observational learning is learning by ____ how ___ ____

A

watching how others behave

59
Q

operant conditioning

type of learning in which we ____ our ___ ___ with the ____ of those ____

A

associate our voluntary actions with the consequences of those actions

60
Q

one of the earliest types of operant learning was described by ___ ____ with the __ __ and ___ experiment

he discovered that behavior is more likely to be repeated when followed by ___ ____

A

edward thorndike with the puzzle box and cats experiment

pleasurable outcome

61
Q

the law of effect is the idea that:

behaviors followed by ___ ____ (___) are more likely to be repeated

Behaviors followed by ___ ___ (___) are less likely to be repeated

A

positive consequences (rewards)

negative consequences (punishments)

62
Q

the two types of nonassociative learning are ____ and _____

A

habituation and sensitization

63
Q

habituation is when our ____ ____ to a ____ _____

A

behavioral response to a stimulus decreases

64
Q

sensitization is when our ___ ____ to a ____ ____

A

behavioral response to a stimulus increases

NRSC 2205 (6 decks)

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