Lecture 2 - Cellular Basis of Learning and Memory

Question 1

until the late 1800s, learning + memory have been the domain of _____ and ____, rather than _____

but not ____!

Answer 1

philosophers and psychologists, rather than neuroanatomists

but not exclusively!

Question 2

____ and ____ were providing important insights into the nervous system

specifically the ____ of the nervous system

Answer 2

Golgi and Cajal

organization of the nervous system

Question 3

Cajal looked at different _____ and different _____ of ______

he used the _____ ____

Answer 3

organisms and different stages of development

golgi stain

Question 4

Golgi and Cajal differed in how the nervous system was _____

Answer 4

organized

Question 5

Camillo Golgi believed in the ____ ____

Santiago Ramon y Cajal was the father of the _____ ____

Answer 5

reticulum theory

neuron doctrine

Question 6

the reticulum theory states that nerve tissue is organized into a ____ ____, rather than ____ ____

Answer 6

continuous network, rather than discrete units

Question 7

the neuron doctrine is the idea that the brain is made up of _____ _____ or _____ and are key to ____ _____

Answer 7

discrete cells of neurons and are key to neuronal signaling

Question 8

Cajal had an amazing ability to take his static ____/_____ that he drew, and infer _____

Answer 8

images/micrographs, and infer function

Question 9

from his drawings, Cajal concluded that the brain was not _____ and ____, but rather _____

Answer 9

rigid and stable, but rather neuroplastic

Question 10

____ change/rewire the nervous system

neurons that ____ ____, ____ ____

Answer 10

experiences

fire together, wire together

Question 11

cerebral gymnastics (___)

after sustained activity, there is growth of ___ ____. more ___ are created in the system

Answer 11

Cajal

new spines. more contacts are created in the system

Question 12

memory trace: ____

Answer 12

engram

Question 13

___ ____ coined the term ‘engram’

he wrote two books on ___ ___ in the first part of the 20th century

Answer 13

Richard Semon

human memory

Question 14

the history of learning + memory is intertwined with the major movements in ____

Answer 14

psychology

Question 15

human memory is intertwined with ____, ____ and ____ ___

Answer 15

introspection, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology

Question 16

introspection refers to ___ ____

____ was a prevalent figure in the idea of introspection

introspection involves the _____ aspects of memory

Answer 16

self reflection

Ebbinghaus

psychological

Question 17

behaviorism looks at the ____ and _____, not what was going on ____ the ____

Answer 17

inputs and outputs, not what was going on inside the brain

Question 18

Hermann Ebbinghaus created the ____ ___

he gave himself a list of ____ ____ to memorize and made observations

Answer 18

forgetting curve

nonsense words

Question 19

behaviorism concentrated on observing _____ to ____ ____

it ignored ____ ____ and _____

the shift from ____ to ____ was revolutionary

Answer 19

responses to external stimuli

mental states and processes

mind to behavior

Question 20

the approach of behaviorists was to only consider an ____ ____ as measure, and nothing else

just watching _____

Answer 20

observable behavior

behavior

Question 21

by the mid-____th century, the ____ approach was increasingly questioned

Answer 21

mid-20th century, the behaviorist approach

Question 22

_____ decided scientists should look _____ the ____, not just at ____

he believed that ____ and ____ need to talk

Answer 22

Hebb decided scientists should look inside the brain, not just at behavior

psychologists and physiologists

Question 23

____ ____ was a behaviorist who set up mouse maze experiment

he created ____ in different ___ ___

he was not able to ____ the ____ of the mouse to….

Answer 23

Karl Lashley

lesions in different cortical regions

disrupt the ability of the mouse to run the maze

Question 24

Lashley concluded that memories were not _____, but were ____ throughout the ____

Answer 24

localized, but were dispersed throughout the cortex

Question 25

Lashley tried for decades to locate the ____, but to no avail

Answer 25

engram

Question 26

as one of the leading neuroscientists of the time, Lashley helped forge the ______ hypothesis of memory

which states that memories were not stored in ___ ___, but rather a…

Answer 26

antilocalization

one spot, but rather a number of areas

Question 27

Lashley concluded that memories were intimately associated with ____ and ____ functions

Answer 27

intellectual and perceptual functions

Question 28

Lashley published his papers btw ____ and ____

Answer 28

1923 and 1950

Question 29

Scientist _____ ____ and the _____ were becoming more popular

Answer 29

Herbert Jasper and the EEG

Question 30

Hebb noted in his monograph that until the advent of ____, psychologists did not know if the brain was ‘continually’ ____ when we were ____, not ‘in ____’

Answer 30

EEG

‘continually’ active when we were asleep, not ‘in thought’

Question 31

____ ____’s work resulted in a shift in the memory field

Answer 31

Wilder Penfield

Question 32

Wilder Penfield made numerous contributions to our understanding of ____ and ____

Answer 32

brain and behavior

Question 33

during the 1950s, Penfield’s work at MNI was contradicting the idea that memories were…

Answer 33

widely distributed throughout the brain

Question 34

Penfield performed ____ surgery to map _____ with ____

he ____ ___ the human brain

during the procedure, the patient….

when asked to reflect on it, the patients were not just _____, but ____ the memories

Answer 34

awake surgery to map function with structure

electrically stimulated

provided feedback

remembering, but reliving the memories

Question 35

____ ____ was/is a pioneer in cognitive neuroscience

her careful studies of individuals with _____ informed us about many aspects of brain and behavior

Answer 35

Brenda Milner

epilepsy

Question 36

work with HM established fundamental principles about how ____ ____ are organized in the brain

Answer 36

memory functions

Question 37

HM established the fundamental principle that memory is a ___ ____ separate from other ____ and ____ abilities

in other words, it has nothing to do with ____

Answer 37

distinct function separate from other perceptual and cognitive abilities

intelligence

Question 38

HM identified the ____ aspect of the _____ lobe as important for memory (_____)

this is the ____ and ___ regions

Answer 38

medial aspect of the temporal lobe as important for memory (declarative)

hippocampus and parahippocampal regions

Question 39

HM established the idea of multiple ___ ____

____ skills were separate

_____ vs ____

Answer 39

memory systems

visuomotor skills were separate

declarative vs procedural

Question 40

mirror tracing

HM doesn’t remember…., but he was….

this showed that ____ and ____ memory happens in….

Answer 40

actually tracing the star, but he was tracing at the level of someone with an intact memory

declarative and nondeclarative memory happens in different parts of the brain

Question 41

Theodule Ribot (french psychologist working in late 1890s) suggested that there were indeed different…. with different….

Answer 41

types of memory with different temporal profiles

Question 42

before HM:

memories were not _____ in the brain (____ theory)

our memories were intimately related to _____ ____

though multiple ___ ___ were proposed earlier, there had been no….

Answer 42

localized in the brain (anti-localization theory)

perceptual functions

multiple memory systems were proposed earlier, there had been no tangible way to assess this

Question 43

based on his work with patients, Ribot concluded that memory stability was greatest for _____ type of memories

least stable were ____ ____ memories

Answer 43

emotional

more recent

Question 44

after HM:

began to _____ findings in ____ ____

HM now gave researches a…. when trying to study learning and memory

led to further distinctions in our memories into those that are ____ and those that are ____

Answer 44

replicate findings in non-human primates

place to shine their flashlights

conscious and those that are not

Question 45

the social construct at McGill at the time of HM was a highly ____ ____

Answer 45

collaborative environment

Question 46

as noted by Squires, HM’s impact was influenced by ____ ____ and the ____ ____ environment she cultivated

Answer 46

brenda milner and the graduate student

Question 47

students of ____ _____ and ____ and ____ became pioneers themselves in the field of learning and memory

Answer 47

donald hebb and penfield and milner

Question 48

memory researches started to focus in on the ____

monitoring the ____ of ____ led to the discovery of ____

Answer 48

hippocampus

hippocampus of rabbits led to the discovery of LTP