Lecture 2 - Cellular Basis of Learning and Memory Flashcards
until the late 1800s, learning + memory have been the domain of _____ and ____, rather than _____
but not ____!
philosophers and psychologists, rather than neuroanatomists
but not exclusively!
____ and ____ were providing important insights into the nervous system
specifically the ____ of the nervous system
Golgi and Cajal
organization of the nervous system
Cajal looked at different _____ and different _____ of ______
he used the _____ ____
organisms and different stages of development
golgi stain
Golgi and Cajal differed in how the nervous system was _____
organized
Camillo Golgi believed in the ____ ____
Santiago Ramon y Cajal was the father of the _____ ____
reticulum theory
neuron doctrine
the reticulum theory states that nerve tissue is organized into a ____ ____, rather than ____ ____
continuous network, rather than discrete units
the neuron doctrine is the idea that the brain is made up of _____ _____ or _____ and are key to ____ _____
discrete cells or neurons and are key to neuronal signaling
Cajal had an amazing ability to take his static ____/_____ that he drew, and infer _____
images/micrographs, and infer function
from his drawings, Cajal concluded that the brain was not _____ and ____, but rather _____
rigid and stable, but rather neuroplastic
____ change/rewire the nervous system
neurons that ____ ____, ____ ____
experiences
fire together, wire together
cerebral gymnastics (___)
after sustained activity, there is growth of ___ ____. more ___ are created in the system
Cajal
new spines. more contacts are created in the system
memory trace: ____
engram
___ ____ coined the term ‘engram’
he wrote two books on ___ ___ in the first part of the 20th century
Richard Semon
human memory
the history of learning + memory is intertwined with the major movements in ____
psychology
human memory is intertwined with ____, ____ and ____ ___
introspection, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology
introspection refers to ___ ____
____ was a prevalent figure in the idea of introspection
introspection involves the _____ aspects of memory
self reflection
Ebbinghaus
psychological
behaviorism looks at the ____ and _____, not what was going on ____ the ____
inputs and outputs, not what was going on inside the brain
Hermann Ebbinghaus created the ____ ___
he gave himself a list of ____ ____ to memorize and made observations
forgetting curve
nonsense words
behaviorism concentrated on observing _____ to ____ ____
it ignored ____ ____ and _____
the shift from ____ to ____ was revolutionary
responses to external stimuli
mental states and processes
mind to behavior
the approach of behaviorists was to only consider an ____ ____ as measure, and nothing else
just watching _____
observable behavior
behavior
by the mid-____th century, the ____ approach was increasingly questioned
mid-20th century, the behaviorist approach
_____ decided scientists should look _____ the ____, not just at ____
he believed that ____ and ____ need to talk
Hebb decided scientists should look inside the brain, not just at behavior
psychologists and physiologists
____ ____ was a behaviorist who set up mouse maze experiment
he created ____ in different ___ ___
he was not able to ____ the ____ of the mouse to….
Karl Lashley
lesions in different cortical regions
disrupt the ability of the mouse to run the maze
Lashley concluded that memories were not _____, but were ____ throughout the ____
localized, but were dispersed throughout the cortex
Lashley tried for decades to locate the ____, but to no avail
engram
as one of the leading neuroscientists of the time, Lashley helped forge the ______ hypothesis of memory
which states that memories were not stored in ___ ___, but rather a…
antilocalization
one spot, but rather a number of areas
Lashley concluded that memories were intimately associated with ____ and ____ functions
intellectual and perceptual functions
Lashley published his papers btw ____ and ____
1923 and 1950
Scientist _____ ____ and the _____ were becoming more popular
Herbert Jasper and the EEG
Hebb noted in his monograph that until the advent of ____, psychologists did not know if the brain was ‘continually’ ____ when we were ____, not ‘in ____’
EEG
‘continually’ active when we were asleep, not ‘in thought’
____ ____’s work resulted in a shift in the memory field
Wilder Penfield
Wilder Penfield made numerous contributions to our understanding of ____ and ____
brain and behavior
during the 1950s, Penfield’s work at MNI was contradicting the idea that memories were…
widely distributed throughout the brain
Penfield performed ____ surgery to map _____ with ____
he ____ ___ the human brain
during the procedure, the patient….
when asked to reflect on it, the patients were not just _____, but ____ the memories
awake surgery to map function with structure
electrically stimulated
provided feedback
remembering, but reliving the memories
____ ____ was/is a pioneer in cognitive neuroscience
her careful studies of individuals with _____ informed us about many aspects of brain and behavior
Brenda Milner
epilepsy
work with HM established fundamental principles about how ____ ____ are organized in the brain
memory functions
HM established the fundamental principle that memory is a ___ ____ separate from other ____ and ____ abilities
in other words, it has nothing to do with ____
distinct function separate from other perceptual and cognitive abilities
intelligence
HM identified the ____ aspect of the _____ lobe as important for memory (_____)
this is the ____ and ___ regions
medial aspect of the temporal lobe as important for memory (declarative)
hippocampus and parahippocampal regions
HM established the idea of multiple ___ ____
____ skills were separate
_____ vs ____
memory systems
visuomotor skills were separate
declarative vs procedural
mirror tracing
HM doesn’t remember…., but he was….
this showed that ____ and ____ memory happens in….
actually tracing the star, but he was tracing at the level of someone with an intact memory
declarative and nondeclarative memory happens in different parts of the brain
Theodule Ribot (french psychologist working in late 1890s) suggested that there were indeed different…. with different….
types of memory with different temporal profiles
before HM:
memories were not _____ in the brain (____ theory)
our memories were intimately related to _____ ____
though multiple ___ ___ were proposed earlier, there had been no….
localized in the brain (anti-localization theory)
perceptual functions
multiple memory systems were proposed earlier, there had been no tangible way to assess this
based on his work with patients, Ribot concluded that memory stability was greatest for _____ type of memories
least stable were ____ ____ memories
emotional
more recent
after HM:
began to _____ findings in ____ ____
HM now gave researches a…. when trying to study learning and memory
led to further distinctions in our memories into those that are ____ and those that are ____
replicate findings in non-human primates
place to shine their flashlights
conscious and those that are not
the social construct at McGill at the time of HM was a highly ____ ____
collaborative environment
as noted by Squires, HM’s impact was influenced by ____ ____ and the ____ ____ environment she cultivated
brenda milner and the graduate student
students of ____ _____ and ____ and ____ became pioneers themselves in the field of learning and memory
donald hebb and penfield and milner
memory researchers started to focus in on the ____
monitoring the ____ of ____ led to the discovery of ____
hippocampus
hippocampus of rabbits led to the discovery of LTP
