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HUNT 242 > Lecture 4 - Interpreting Anthropometric Data > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Interpreting Anthropometric Data Flashcards

1
Q

what are the measurements of body size

A
  • weight
  • height
  • elbow breadth
  • mid upper arm circumference
  • head circumference
  • length
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2
Q

what is a normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

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3
Q

what is overweight BMI

A

25.0-29.9

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4
Q

what is obese BMI

A

> 30

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5
Q

what is obese extreme BMI

A

> 40

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6
Q

what is sensitivity

A

how good a measure / test is at correctly identifying people who have the disease

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7
Q

what are growth indices derived from

A

from a combination of raw measurements

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8
Q

growth indices are essential for

A

essential for interpretation of measurements

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9
Q

growth indices are used to

A

compare individuals / groups with a growth chart or reference data

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10
Q

what does OFC stand for

A

“occipital frontal circumference”

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11
Q

what should be used to measure head circumference

A

flexible, non stretch tape (fiberglass or steel)

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12
Q

how should head circumference be measured

A

over the most prominent part of the back of head (occiput) and just above the eyebrows (supraorbital ridges) = this is the largest circumference of head

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13
Q

head circumference for age is an index of

A

chronic protein energy deficiency (<2 years)

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14
Q

low head circumference for age (<2 years) shows

A

decreased brain development

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15
Q

what is wasting referred to as

A

sometimes referred to as “acute malnutrition” because it is believed that episodes of wasting have a short duration

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16
Q

in contrast to wasting what is stunting regarded as

A

regarded as indicating chronic malnutrition

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17
Q

what does a wasted child look like

A

thinner than normal

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18
Q

what does a stunted child look like

A

shorter than normal

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19
Q

what does a wasted and stunted child look like

A

thinner and shorter than normal

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20
Q

weight for age is used to assess

A

over or under nutrition

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21
Q

what is a limitation of weight for age

A
  • cant distinguish tall thin children who are underweight from those who are short with adequate weight
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22
Q

when talking about weight for age, if rates of stunting are high but rates of wasting are low what occurs

A

under nutrition under estimation

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23
Q

the measurement of length is for infants and children that are

A

younger than 2 years and <85cm

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24
Q

what is used to measure length

A

a calibrated length board

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25
Q

how is length measured

A

measure infant without shoes and wearing light underclothing or nappy

26
Q

what is said if weight for height is high in children

A

overweight

27
Q

in low income countries if weight for height is low in children it is considered

A

wasting = failure to gain sufficient weight relative to height

28
Q

in low income countries weight for height is used to identify

A

children likely to benefit from feeding programme

29
Q

in high income countries what is more likely to be identified using weight for age growth index

A

growth faltering in infants and children

30
Q

in high income countries weight for height is used clinically to

A

identify wasting in hospital patients, especially elderly

31
Q

what are limitations for weight for height (stunted)

A

weight may be appropriate for height > may be classified as normal > need to also use height for age

32
Q

what are limitations for weight for height (oedema)

A

weight may appear normal for height > need to also use height for age

33
Q

height for age is an index of

A

past nutritional status

34
Q

stunting is due to

A

extended period of inadequate food supply, poor dietary quality, increased morbidity in childhood

35
Q

stunting can result in shorter stature in adulthood and therefore

A

reduced work capacity, poor reproductive outcomes

36
Q

what is a limitation to height for age

A

cant identify wasted children so also need to use weight for height

37
Q

reference data is used to

A
  • facilitate international comparisons of anthropometric indices across populations
  • evaluate trends overtime (surveillance studies)
  • evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs
38
Q

reference data in clinical settings is used to

A
  • monitor growth
  • identify those with under or over nutrition
  • asses the response to treatment
39
Q

is a growth standard and growth reference the same

A

NO

40
Q

what is a growth reference

A

growth pattern of a healthy population

41
Q

what is a growth standard

A

recommended pattern of growth > specific health outcomes and decreased long term health risks

42
Q

the WHO growth standard, how was the population defined

A

multiple countries

  • no known health or environmental constraint on growth
  • mothers do not smoke
  • singleton birth at term
  • no significant morbidity
43
Q

how long was the WHO growth standard study and were the children breastfed and when was complementary feeding introduced

A
  • exclusively breastfed to 4 months and continue breast feeding to 12 months
  • complementary feeding introduced at 6 months
44
Q

why was it important that babies were breastfed in the growth standard study

A

breastfeeding is ideal method of feeding for infant, exclusively breastfed infants grow differently from formula fed babies

45
Q

how do breastfed babies grow differently to formula fed babies

A

grow similarly or faster in 1st 2-3 months and then grow less rapidly

46
Q

in high income countries, reference data is used to generate

A

percentiles

47
Q

especially in low income countries but also in high income countries, reference data is used to generate

A

z-scores

48
Q

what is a percentile show

A

position of the measured value in relation to all the measurements for the reference population

49
Q

what are individuals at risk in percentiles

A

below the 3rd/5th percentiles or above the 97th/95th percentiles

50
Q

when should percentiles not be used

A

not be used for individuals/populations from low income countries if using reference data from high income countries

51
Q

what is a z-score

A

a z-score tells us how many standard deviations an individual measurement is away from the population mean

52
Q

what does standard deviation tell us

A

tells us about the spread of our data around the mean

53
Q

the higher the standard deviation means

A

the higher the spread or the variability

54
Q

what is the equation for a z-score

A

(persons measurement - reference mean) / reference standard deviation

55
Q

what does it mean if a z-score is 0

A

it is on the mean / median

56
Q

if a z-score is +1 it is ..

A

one standard deviation above the mean

57
Q

if a z-score is +2 it is ..

A

2 standard deviations above the mean

58
Q

if a z-score is -1 it is ..

A

1 standard deviation below the mean

59
Q

in low income countries what should be used to measure wasted children

A

weight for height

60
Q

in low income countries what should be used to measure weight change

A

weight for height

61
Q

in low income countries what should be used to measure stunted children

A

height for age

HUNT 242 (23 decks)

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