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Infection > Lecture 4- Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the infection model?

A

That pathogen with its virulence factors combine with patient to give an infection which is then managed and an outcome achieved

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2
Q

Corticosteroids use?

A

Reduce inflammation

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3
Q

Immune system?

A

Cells and organs responsible for the body’s immune defences against infectious and non-infectious conditions

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4
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

When the pathogen succeeds in evading or overwhelming the hosts immune defense

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5
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A

To recognise pathogens

To contain or eliminate them

To minimise damage to the host

To remember the pathogen for the future

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6
Q

Adaptive vs innate immunity?

A

Innate is non specific, recognises groups of microbes. Is fast acting and, lacks memory, no change in intensity

Adaptive immunity is long lasting. Slow to react but can target microbes specifically. Has memory and can change intensity

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7
Q

What are the four innate immunity barriers?

A

Biological
Physical
Physiological
Chemical

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8
Q

Physical barriers of innate immunity?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Bronchial cilia (cyclic fibrosis sufferers more prone to infection)

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9
Q

Physiological innate immunity barriers?

A

Coughing

Sneezing
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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10
Q

Chemical barriers?

A

Low pH

Antimicrobial molecules such as gastric acid, lysozymes and mucus

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11
Q

Biological barriers?

A

Normal flora- non pathogenic microbes that inhabit the mouth, vagina and GI tract etc and prevent growth of abnormal pathogens

Absent in internal organs and tissues

Produce antimicrobial chemicals, vitamins like K and B12 and compete with pathogens for resources

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12
Q

What is the problem with biological barriers?

A

If they end up in the wrong lace or are allowed to multiply significantly they can damage the host

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13
Q

Where should you never see biological flora?

A

In internal organs or tissues

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14
Q

Given an example of normal flora of the skin that can cause problems?

A

Staphylococcus aureus which causes cellulitis

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15
Q

How can flora be displaced and cause problems?

A

Break in skin such as IV line or surgery

Faecal oral route eg salmonella

Faecal urethral rough eg UTI from E. coli

Poor dental hygiene or dental work

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16
Q

What patients are high risk for serious infections?

A

Asplenic and hyposplenic

Patients with prosthetic valves (endocarditis)

Patients who had endocarditis previously

17
Q

When can normal flora become a problem?

A

When it overgrows due to host being immunosuppressive eg AIDS and diabetes

When normal flora is depleted due to antibiotics eg thrush (candida albicans takes over)

Anti acids lower stomach pH

18
Q

What two branches are there of innate immunity?

A

Those that prevent pathogens entering:

Biological
Chemical
Physical
Physiological

Those that contain and eliminate pathogens once they have entered:

phagocytes
Chemicals

19
Q

What are the two types of microbes that can enter the body?

A

Exogenous and endogenous

20
Q

What are the main phagocytes?

A

Macrophages- all organs

Neutrophils- recruited by chemokines

Monocytes- recruited to infection site and differentiate into macrophages

21
Q

Cytokines vs chemokines?

A

Cytokines are signalling molecules and chemokines are a type of cytokine that causes cells to be recruited to an infection site

22
Q

Basophils and mast cells?

A

Early indicators of inflammation and important in allergic reactions

23
Q

Eosinophils?

A

Defence against parasites (worms)

24
Q

Natural killer cells?

A

Kill all abnormal host cells, virus infected or malignant

25
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Present microbial antigens to T cells (acquired immunity)

26
Q

Mast cells?

A

Similar to basophils, responsible for anaphylaxis

27
Q

How are pathogens recognised?

A

Through PAMPs and PRRs.

PAMPs= pathogen associated recognition patterns

PRRs= Pathogen recognition receptors which sense PAMPs

28
Q

What is opsonisation of pathogens?

A

Coated with proteins called opsonins that bind to the microbial surface and enhance attachment of phagocytes

29
Q

What is opsonisation essential for?

A

Clearing encapsulated bacteria such as neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae

30
Q

Phagocytosis process?

A

Chemotaxis brings phagocyte to microbe.
Microbe is recognised and adhered to. Microbe is phagocytosed. A phagosome is formed which is combined with a lysosome which degrades the microbe. Residual bodies are then exocytosed

31
Q

How do phagocytes kill?

A

Oxygen dependant pathway= respiratory burst

Oxygen independent pathway= lysozyme and proteolytic enzymes

32
Q

What are the chemicals involved in the second line of defence of innate immunity?

A

Complement system and cytokines

33
Q

What can the complement system do?

A

Recruit phagocytes through cytokines

Kill pathogens through punching holes in their membranes

Opsonisation of pathogens

34
Q

What can cytokines do in an immune response?

A

Cause neutrophil mobilisation. Increase body temperature through the hypothalamus. Cause vasodilation and increase vascular permeability

35
Q

Complement system function?

A

To help antibodies and phagocytes clear microbes. Also promotes inflammation

36
Q

Important proteins of complement system?

A

C3a and c5arecruit phagocytes through chemotaxis

C3b and c4b opsonise pathogens

C5-c9 kill pathogens

37
Q

Actions of macrophage derived cytokines?

A

TNF alpha, IL-1 and IL-6

Act systemically on liver to produce CRP, bone marrow to increase neutrophil mobilisation and hypothalamus to increase body temperature

Local inflammatory actions such as vasodilation and vascular permeability

Infection (17 decks)

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