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ENDO Y1 > Lecture 4- Hypothalamus And The Pituitary > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Hypothalamus And The Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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2
Q

What is the name of the depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits?

A

Sella turcica

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3
Q

What is the name of the vessel network connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus hypophyseal portal system

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4
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

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5
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary develop from, embryologically?

A

Ectoderm of Rathke’s pouch

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6
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary develop from, embryologically?

A

Downward extension of neural ectoderm from the floor of the diencephalon

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts do the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Pars tuberalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars distalis
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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Infundibular stalk

2. Pars nervosa

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9
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of anterior pituitary cells?

A
  1. Lactotroph
  2. Somatotroph
  3. Thyrotroph
  4. Gonadotroph
  5. Corticotroph
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10
Q

What causes an increase in growth hormone-releasing hormone secretion from the hypothalamus?

A

Low blood glucose and stress

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11
Q

What is the result of growth hormone-releasing hormone secretion?

A

Human growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

What are the 4 functions of human growth hormone in the target tissues?

A
  1. Increase protein synthesis
  2. Increase tissue growth
  3. Increase fat breakdown
  4. Spares glucose usage
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13
Q

What causes the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone ?

A

Stress and hypoglycaemia

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14
Q

What is the result of corticotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Adrenocorticotropin hormone is released from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What is the target tissue of adrenocorticotropin hormone?

A

Adrenal cortex

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16
Q

What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocorticotropin hormone?

A

Cortisol

17
Q

What part of the adrenal cortex is cortisol released from?

A

Zona fasciculata

18
Q

What are the 3 effects of cortisol?

A
  1. Increase fat and protein breakdown
  2. Increase blood and glucose levels
  3. Anti-inflammatory effects
19
Q

What feedback effect does cortisol have?

A

Negative feedback to the hypothalamus to inhibit corticotropin-releasing hormone release

20
Q

What hormone from the hypothalamus is released to increase thyroid hormone production?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

21
Q

What is the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the anterior pituitary?

A

Causes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone

22
Q

What is the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone on the thyroid gland?

A

Causes the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

23
Q

What feedback effects do T3 and T4 have?

A

Negative feedback on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, inhibiting thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone release

24
Q

What are the cardiovascular effects of T3?

A

Increased heart rate and cardiac output

25
Q

What are the effects of T3 on bone?

A

Increased bone resorption

26
Q

What are the GI effects of T3?

A

Increased gut motility

27
Q

What effect does T3 have on lipids?

A

Increased lipolysis

28
Q

What effect does T3 have on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increased catecholamine sensitivity

29
Q

Is T3 or T4 more potent?

A

T3

30
Q

Which thyroid hormone is converted into the other that is released?

A

T3 is converted into T4

31
Q

How do hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

A

Through the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

32
Q

How do hypothalamic hormones reach the posterior pituitary?

A

Through the hypothalamus-hypophyseal tract

33
Q

What 2 hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Anti-diuretic hormone

34
Q

Which 2 regions does oxytocin stimulate myoepithelial contractions?

A
  1. Uterus

2. Mammary glands

35
Q

What is the main function of anti-diuretic hormone?

A

Conserve body water and regulate tonicity* of body fluids

  • relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion
36
Q

What increases the osmolality of plasma?

A

Water deprivation

37
Q

Increased osmolality of plasma activates which hypothalamic receptors?

A

Osmoreceptors

38
Q

Activation of hypothalamus osmoreceptors leads to what?

A

Release of anti-diuretic hormone

ENDO Y1 (9 decks)

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