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ENDO Y1 > Lecture 2- Anatomy Of The Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Anatomy Of The Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts and secrete onto a surface

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Do not have ducts and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What 3 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin

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4
Q

What is the central connection of the two lobes of the thyroid called?

A

Isthmus

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5
Q

What is the name of the third lobe that is sometimes present in the thyroid?

A

Pyramidal glands

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6
Q

Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lie over

A

T2-4

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7
Q

What cartilage do the lobes of the thyroid gland reach superiorly?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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8
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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9
Q

What controls the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A

Blood calcium levels

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the parathyroid hormone?

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclasts
  2. Stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine
  3. Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
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11
Q

What is the name of the structure down which the thyroid gland descends?

A

Thyroglossal duct

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12
Q

What is the name of the remnant of the thyroglossal duct found on the surface of the tongue?

A

Foramen cecum

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13
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the pancreas?

A
  1. Tail
  2. Body
  3. Neck
  4. Head
  5. Uncinate process
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14
Q

What are the clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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15
Q

What are the 5 main hormones secreted by the pancreas

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Insulin
  3. Somatostatin
  4. Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  5. Gastrin
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16
Q

What causes the right kidney to lie lower than the left?

A

The liver

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17
Q

How does breathing affect the position of the kidneys

A

Diaphragm contracts and the kidneys move down

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18
Q

What are the 2 main hormones produced by the kidneys?

A
  1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

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19
Q

What causes renin release from the kidney?

A

Low blood pressure/ low blood fluid volume

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20
Q

What hormone does renin act on?

A

Angiotensinogen

21
Q

What does angiotensinogen become?

A

Angiotensin I

22
Q

Where is angiotensin I converted? And by what?

A

In the lungs; converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

23
Q

What does ACE convert angiotensin I into?

A

Angiotensin II

24
Q

What organ is the target of angiotensin II?

A

The adrenal glands

25
Q

What does angiotensin II cause the adrenal glands to release?

A

Aldosterone

26
Q

What are the 3 main targets of aldosterone?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Arteries
  3. Kidneys
27
Q

What effects does aldosterone have on the arteries?

A

Vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure

28
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

A

Increased sodium and water retention which increases blood pressure

29
Q

Which of the adrenal glands is pyramid shaped?

A

Right

30
Q

What supplies the hypothalamus?

A

Primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system which branches from the superior hypophyseal arteries

31
Q

What does the anterior hypothalamus control?

A

Dilation of the skin, blood vessels and sweating

32
Q

What does the posterior hypothalamus control?

A

Constriction of skin, blood vessels; inhibition of sweating; shivering

33
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Hypophyseal fossa, superior to the sphenoid bone

34
Q

What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

35
Q

What supplies the pituitary?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

36
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

37
Q

What supplies the posterior pituitary?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

38
Q

Somatotrophs

A

Growth hormone (GH)

39
Q

Thyrotrophs

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

40
Q

Gonadotrophs

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinsing hormone (LH)
41
Q

Lactotrophs

A

Prolactin (PRL)

42
Q

Corticotrophs

A 
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
43
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Produces enzymes involved in hydrolysing proteins, fats and carbs- pass into the pancreatic duct and joins bile duct prior to ampulla of vater

44
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility

45
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibitory hormone which suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones

  • decreases the rate of gastric emptying
  • recused smooth muscle contraction and blood flow within the intestine
  • suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones
46
Q

What does vasoactive intestinal peptide do?

A

Induces smooth muscle relaxation (stomach, gall bladder)

  • stimulates secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile
  • causes inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen
47
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone (glomerulosa), cortisol (fasciculata) and androgens (reticularis)

48
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

ENDO Y1 (9 decks)

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