Lecture 2- Anatomy Of The Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Exocrine glands

Answer 1

Have ducts and secrete onto a surface

Question 2

Endocrine glands

Answer 2

Do not have ducts and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Question 3

What 3 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 3

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin

Question 4

What is the central connection of the two lobes of the thyroid called?

Answer 4

Isthmus

Question 5

What is the name of the third lobe that is sometimes present in the thyroid?

Answer 5

Pyramidal glands

Question 6

Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lie over

Answer 6

T2-4

Question 7

What cartilage do the lobes of the thyroid gland reach superiorly?

Answer 7

Thyroid cartilage

Question 8

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

Answer 8

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Question 9

What controls the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 9

Blood calcium levels

Question 10

What are the 3 functions of the parathyroid hormone?

Answer 10

1. Stimulates osteoclasts
2. Stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine
3. Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 11

What is the name of the structure down which the thyroid gland descends?

Answer 11

Thyroglossal duct

Question 12

What is the name of the remnant of the thyroglossal duct found on the surface of the tongue?

Answer 12

Foramen cecum

Question 13

What are the 5 divisions of the pancreas?

Answer 13

1. Tail
2. Body
3. Neck
4. Head
5. Uncinate process

Question 14

What are the clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas?

Answer 14

Islets of Langerhans

Question 15

What are the 5 main hormones secreted by the pancreas

Answer 15

1. Glucagon
2. Insulin
3. Somatostatin
4. Vasoactive intestinal peptide
5. Gastrin

Question 16

What causes the right kidney to lie lower than the left?

Answer 16

The liver

Question 17

How does breathing affect the position of the kidneys

Answer 17

Diaphragm contracts and the kidneys move down

Question 18

What are the 2 main hormones produced by the kidneys?

Answer 18

1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

Question 19

What causes renin release from the kidney?

Answer 19

Low blood pressure/ low blood fluid volume

Question 20

What hormone does renin act on?

Answer 20

Angiotensinogen

Question 21

What does angiotensinogen become?

Answer 21

Angiotensin I

Question 22

Where is angiotensin I converted? And by what?

Answer 22

In the lungs; converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 23

What does ACE convert angiotensin I into?

Answer 23

Angiotensin II

Question 24

What organ is the target of angiotensin II?

Answer 24

The adrenal glands

Question 25

What does angiotensin II cause the adrenal glands to release?

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

What are the 3 main targets of aldosterone?

Answer 26

1. Heart 2. Arteries 3. Kidneys

Question 27

What effects does aldosterone have on the arteries?

Answer 27

Vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure

Question 28

What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

Answer 28

Increased sodium and water retention which increases blood pressure

Question 29

Which of the adrenal glands is pyramid shaped?

Answer 29

Right

Question 30

What supplies the hypothalamus?

Answer 30

Primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system which branches from the superior hypophyseal arteries

Question 31

What does the anterior hypothalamus control?

Answer 31

Dilation of the skin, blood vessels and sweating

Question 32

What does the posterior hypothalamus control?

Answer 32

Constriction of skin, blood vessels; inhibition of sweating; shivering

Question 33

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 33

Hypophyseal fossa, superior to the sphenoid bone

Question 34

What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

Answer 34

Infundibulum

Question 35

What supplies the pituitary?

Answer 35

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 36

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 36

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 37

What supplies the posterior pituitary?

Answer 37

Inferior hypophyseal artery

Question 38

Somatotrophs

Answer 38

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 39

Thyrotrophs

Answer 39

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 40

Gonadotrophs

Answer 40

``` Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinsing hormone (LH) ```

Question 41

Lactotrophs

Answer 41

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 42

Corticotrophs

Answer 42

``` Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) ```

Question 43

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 43

Produces enzymes involved in hydrolysing proteins, fats and carbs- pass into the pancreatic duct and joins bile duct prior to ampulla of vater

Question 44

What does gastrin do?

Answer 44

Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility

Question 45

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 45

Inhibitory hormone which suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones - decreases the rate of gastric emptying - recused smooth muscle contraction and blood flow within the intestine - suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones

Question 46

What does vasoactive intestinal peptide do?

Answer 46

Induces smooth muscle relaxation (stomach, gall bladder) - stimulates secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile - causes inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen

Question 47

What is secreted from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 47

Aldosterone (glomerulosa), cortisol (fasciculata) and androgens (reticularis)

Question 48

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 48

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)