Lecture 4 Functional anatomy Flashcards
What is the standard reference called
Anatomical position
Describe the anatomical position
. body erect.
head forward
. arms hanging straight
down
. palms forward
. all joints are in a neutral position
What are the 3 cardinal planes to segment the body
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Describe sagital plane
Median - cut down the middle vertically
Describe frontal plane
Frontal- cut down through the side of the body vertically
Describe transverse plane
horizontal- cut down horizontally
Describe axis of rotation
Helps Describe the relative position, orientation or direction of the body
Axes of rotation movement
Movement typically occurs about 2 or more axes or rotation
Examples of the sagittal plane axis of rotation
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Examples of the sagittal plane axis of rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Eversion
Examples of the transverse plane axis of rotation
Horizontal abduction
External rotation
Internal rotation
Flexion definition
increasing angle with frontal plane
Extension definition
decreasing angle with frontal plane
Dorsiflexion definition
towards (dorsi) the anterior
the surface of the leg
Plantarflexion definition
Moving the top (dorsum) of the foot away from the anterior surface of the leg
Abduction definition
moving away from the sagittal plane
Adduction definition
moving toward the sagittal plane
Protraction definition
moving forward along a surface
Retraction definition
moving backward along a surface
Elevation definition
raising a structure
Depression definition
lowering a structure
Upward rotation definition
rotating a structure about an axis superiorly
Downward rotation definition
rotating a structure about an axis inferiorly
Medial rotation definition
movement around an axis of a bone towards the midline
Lateral rotation definition
movement around an axis of a bone away from the midline
Pronation definition
placing palm backward in anatomical position
Supination definition
placing palm forward in anatomical position
Circumduction definition
combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral
rotation
Opposition definition
bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up
Describe anterior(ventral)
moving towards the midline of the body(one arrow)
Describe posterior(dorsal)
moving away from the midline of the body(one arrow)
Describe superior
Top of the body in the anatomical position
Describe medial
Towards the midline(both arrow)
Describe proximal
sites located towards a specific area
Describe superficial
towards the surface of the body
Describe lateral
Away from the midline(both arrow)
Describe distal
sites away from a specific area
Describe deep
away from the surface of the body
Functions of the skeleton
. Structural support . Movement . Protection . Mineral storage . Blood cell production
Describe cartilage
Stiff yet flexible connective tissue
Composed of specialised cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix
What are the 3 different types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
More info on cartilage
. Doesn’t contain blood vessels
Chondrocytes supplied by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage
Describe ligaments
Are inelastic but flexible bands of connective tissue that attached two bones together
• They enhance joint stability by maintaining the alignment of the
bones and limiting range of motion (ROM)
Ligament function
- To connect bone to bone
2. Enhance joint stability
Common ligament injuries
• Most common involve sprains (overstretching and tearing of the fibres)
Describe joint
Formed where two bones meet, also called an articulation
3 different types of joint
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Describe fibrous joint
Bound by dense connective tissue
Describe cartilaginous joint
Bound by cartilage
Describe synovial joint
• Complex joint bounded by joint capsule and
containing synovial fluid
Freely moving joints
More description of synovial joints
Bones held together by ligaments
Some contain a bursa
What is a bursa
• Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane
Describe bursa
Found where parts move over another
Formed around joints and in places where ligaments and tendons pass
Injuries associated with Bursa
Bursitis
Describe tendons
Tough but flexible bands that attach muscle to bone
- helps facilitate movement
Limited blood supply which makes repair difficult
Injuries associated with tendons
Strain overstretching or tearing of fibres
Tendinopathies
Functions of skeletal muscle
Control of movement
Control of posture
Support soft tissues
Energy storage and utilization
Guard entrances and exits
