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EXS124 > Lecture 4 Functional anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Functional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the standard reference called

A

Anatomical position

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2
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

. body erect.

head forward

. arms hanging straight
down

. palms forward

. all joints are in a neutral position

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3
Q

What are the 3 cardinal planes to segment the body

A

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

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4
Q

Describe sagital plane

A

Median - cut down the middle vertically

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5
Q

Describe frontal plane

A

Frontal- cut down through the side of the body vertically

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6
Q

Describe transverse plane

A

horizontal- cut down horizontally

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7
Q

Describe axis of rotation

A

Helps Describe the relative position, orientation or direction of the body

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8
Q

Axes of rotation movement

A

Movement typically occurs about 2 or more axes or rotation

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9
Q

Examples of the sagittal plane axis of rotation

A

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

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10
Q

Examples of the sagittal plane axis of rotation

A

Adduction

Abduction

Eversion

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11
Q

Examples of the transverse plane axis of rotation

A

Horizontal abduction

External rotation

Internal rotation

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12
Q

Flexion definition

A

increasing angle with frontal plane

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13
Q

Extension definition

A

decreasing angle with frontal plane

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14
Q

Dorsiflexion definition

A

towards (dorsi) the anterior

the surface of the leg

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15
Q

Plantarflexion definition

A

Moving the top (dorsum) of the foot away from the anterior surface of the leg

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16
Q

Abduction definition

A

moving away from the sagittal plane

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17
Q

Adduction definition

A

moving toward the sagittal plane

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18
Q

Protraction definition

A

moving forward along a surface

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19
Q

Retraction definition

A

moving backward along a surface

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20
Q

Elevation definition

A

raising a structure

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21
Q

Depression definition

A

lowering a structure

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22
Q

Upward rotation definition

A

rotating a structure about an axis superiorly

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23
Q

Downward rotation definition

A

rotating a structure about an axis inferiorly

24
Q

Medial rotation definition

A

movement around an axis of a bone towards the midline

25
Q

Lateral rotation definition

A

movement around an axis of a bone away from the midline

26
Q

Pronation definition

A

placing palm backward in anatomical position

27
Q

Supination definition

A

placing palm forward in anatomical position

28
Q

Circumduction definition

A

combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral
rotation

29
Q

Opposition definition

A

bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

30
Q

Describe anterior(ventral)

A

moving towards the midline of the body(one arrow)

31
Q

Describe posterior(dorsal)

A

moving away from the midline of the body(one arrow)

32
Q

Describe superior

A

Top of the body in the anatomical position

33
Q

Describe medial

A

Towards the midline(both arrow)

34
Q

Describe proximal

A

sites located towards a specific area

35
Q

Describe superficial

A

towards the surface of the body

36
Q

Describe lateral

A

Away from the midline(both arrow)

37
Q

Describe distal

A

sites away from a specific area

38
Q

Describe deep

A

away from the surface of the body

39
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A 
. Structural support
. Movement
. Protection
. Mineral storage
. Blood cell production
40
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Stiff yet flexible connective tissue

Composed of specialised cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix

41
Q

What are the 3 different types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

42
Q

More info on cartilage

A

. Doesn’t contain blood vessels

Chondrocytes supplied by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage

43
Q

Describe ligaments

A

Are inelastic but flexible bands of connective tissue that attached two bones together

• They enhance joint stability by maintaining the alignment of the
bones and limiting range of motion (ROM)

44
Q

Ligament function

A
  1. To connect bone to bone

2. Enhance joint stability

45
Q

Common ligament injuries

A

• Most common involve sprains (overstretching and tearing of the fibres)

46
Q

Describe joint

A

Formed where two bones meet, also called an articulation

47
Q

3 different types of joint

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

48
Q

Describe fibrous joint

A

Bound by dense connective tissue

49
Q

Describe cartilaginous joint

A

Bound by cartilage

50
Q

Describe synovial joint

A

• Complex joint bounded by joint capsule and
containing synovial fluid

Freely moving joints

51
Q

More description of synovial joints

A

Bones held together by ligaments

Some contain a bursa

52
Q

What is a bursa

A

• Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane

53
Q

Describe bursa

A

Found where parts move over another

Formed around joints and in places where ligaments and tendons pass

54
Q

Injuries associated with Bursa

A

Bursitis

55
Q

Describe tendons

A

Tough but flexible bands that attach muscle to bone

  • helps facilitate movement

Limited blood supply which makes repair difficult

56
Q

Injuries associated with tendons

A

Strain overstretching or tearing of fibres

Tendinopathies

57
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Control of movement

Control of posture

Support soft tissues

Energy storage and utilization

Guard entrances and exits

EXS124 (9 decks)

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