Lecture 4 - Emotion 2

Question 1

What is a reward

Answer 1

Object or event elicit approach and worked for

Associated with wanting and liking

Question 2

Define the difference between wanting and liking

Answer 2

Wanting: feeling desire and approach behaviours

Liking: feeling pleasure - explicit and other objective responses implicit - facial expressions

Question 3

What are alteration brain substrates reward related processes underlying of

Answer 3

Mechanisms underlying addiction

Anhedonia - failure want things or pleasure

Question 4

Outline the different techniques to identify brain substrates of reward

Answer 4

Instrumental conditioning

Intracranial electrical self stimulation

Intracranial drug self administration

Intracerebral micro dialysis

Question 5

Outline technique of instrumental conditioning to identify brain substrates of reward

Answer 5

Appetitive - operational conditioning
Defined rewards something work for
Measure how much animal presses lever for reward
See what finds rewarding and how modulated in brain

Question 6

Outline technique of intracranial electrical self stimulation to identify brain substrates of reward

Answer 6

Implant electrodes different regions brain and animal presses lever stimulate that brain rhino
Indicates signals reward
Map brain reward areas

Question 7

Outline technique of intracranial drug self administration to identify brain substrates of reward

Answer 7

Loon whether animal self administer drugs of neural active compounds into specific areas brain
Understand neuropharmacology reward specific brain regions
If administer stimulates D1 receptors particular area means D1 receptors area brain signal reward

Question 8

Outline technique of intracerebral micro dialysis to identify brain substrates of reward

Answer 8

Measure NTs associated rewards - neurochemical changes reward
Flush liquid can Pass through semipermeable membrane in region brain collect liquid end
Analyse for levels NTs

Question 9

Outline the role of the nucleus accumbens and dopamine with reward

Answer 9

Nucleus accumbens part striatum sub cortical areas brain
Revived strong dopamine projections from VTA
Rewards signalled increased dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens

Question 10

How are rewards signalled in nucleus accumbens

Answer 10

Increased dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens

Question 11

Outline electrical stimulation in nucleus accumbens dopamine and reward

Answer 11

Electrical stimulation of self stimulation sites in VTA increases accumbal dopamine levels measured in vivo micro dialysis
Self stimulate origin dopamine projection leads increased dopamine transmission nucleus accumbens

Question 12

Outline Food in nucleus accumbens dopamine and reward

Answer 12

Food increase accumbal dopamine

Animal finishes eating nucleus accumbens dopamine decreases

Question 13

Outline Drugs of Abuse in nucleus accumbens dopamine and reward

Answer 13

Drugs = Strongly rewarding
Increase accumbal dopamine
Hijacking brain
Found amphetamine cocaine morphine ethanol and nicotine

Question 14

What occurs when there is a blockade of accumbal dopamine transmission

Answer 14

Blocks behavioural effects of rewards

Unresponsive to rewards

Question 15

What does naturally rewarding stimuli activate

Answer 15

Activate VTA and nucleus accumbens

Not tells us of NTs involved or dopamine

Question 16

Outline Schott et al 2008 PET scan study on dopamine transmission

Answer 16

Radioactively labelled dopamine bonding receptor Raclopride
Binding in brain inversely related amount dopamine endogenously in brain
Less binding = more dopamine

Question 17

Outline Meso-corticolimbic dopamine system in brain reward circuitry

Answer 17

Rewards increase NAC dopamine
Systematic
Systematic and intra-NAC dopamine antagonists block responses normally maintained by reward

Question 18

Outline Chrolonergic projection from PPTg to VTA modulators system for brain reward circuitry

Answer 18

Electrical self stimulation activated dopamine system
Chrolonergic drugs self administered in to VTA
Similar how self administer nicotine
Drives dopamine system

Question 19

Outline Glutamate projections from mPFC to VTA of brain reward circuitry

Answer 19

Electrical self stimulation

Stimulate dopamine release in Nucleus Accumbens

Question 20

What does how much a subject working for a reward tell us

Answer 20

How much subject works for reward may reflect wanting or desire for reward

Question 21

Outline facial expressions as measures of liking

Answer 21

Facial expressions to Sweet or bitter tastes serve as objective and direct measures liking

Sweet = produce tongue
Bitter = open mouth gasping

Question 22

What area brain is responsible for liking

Answer 22

Nucleus accumbens shell: role of opioid receptors I’m liking please
Inject morphine into nucleus accumbens in shell increases liking

Question 23

What is the response of dopamine with inducing liking

Answer 23

Dopamine receptor agonist - amphetamine
Increases dopamine transmission injected in brain
Increases dopamine in nucleus accumbens
Decreases liking and increases disliking
Not induce pleasure

Question 24

What is the response of dopamine and amphetamine with wanting

Answer 24

Amphetamine increases wanting

Question 25

Outline conditioned experiment of amphetamine increasing wanting

Answer 25

Tone triggered sucrose pellets
Enhance appetitive instrumental response by CC stimulus = enhances wanting
Press sucrose lever more vigorously in presence CC
Enhanced administration dopamine agonist in nucleus accumbens increases wanting
Opioid making us enjoy it and experience pleasure

Question 26

Outline the overlap between brain substrates of positive and negative emotions

Answer 26

Dopamine and nucleus accumbens important roles fear related processes addition reward related states

Question 27

What does the conditioned fear paradigm combine

Answer 27

Conditioned fear paradigm combine manipulation forebrain dopamine system
Find dopamine manipulations many areas amygdala MPFC and nucleus accumbens affect formation or expression conditioned fear

Question 28

Outline DNQX injection in the overlap between brain substrates positive and negative emotions

Answer 28

Antagonist mess with glutamate signalling in nucleus accumbens
Depending if injected anterior or posterior nucleus accumbens depends on effects
Elicits both appetitive and defensive behaviours
Posterior = defensive
Anterior = appetitive
Effects mediated by dopamine

Question 29

Outline the amygdala and overlap between brain substrates of positive and negative emotions

Answer 29

Amygdala key role in fear related responses
Been implicated in responses appetitive stimuli
Drives responses

Question 30

Functional Implications overlap between brain substrates of positive and negative emotions

Answer 30

Common currency emotion enable brain generate adaptive responses based integrated assessment positive negative stimuli in parallel

Dopamine nucleus accumbens and amygdala no specific role emotion may contribute fundamental cog processes associated both aversive and appetite stimulus
- salience signalling and attention

Question 31

Conclusion of emotions

Answer 31

Emotional responses be measured objectively
Enabling scientific study
Combined variety techniques manipulate and monitor brain function reveal brain substrates emotion and their dysfunctions

Question 32

Outline LeDoux 1996 on emotions

Answer 32

Can not explain everything by studying animals
Better understand how newly evolved functions like language and consciousness contribute to emotions
How language and consciousness interact with underlying nonverbal and unconscious systems make up heart and soul or emotional machine