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Neuroscience > Lecture 1 - Neuroscience Methods for Physiological Methods 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Neuroscience Methods for Physiological Methods 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are neuroscience techniques classified

A

Across 2 different axis

  1. Temporal Resolution - varying milliseconds
  2. Spatial Resolution - varying coarse to fine molecules

Excelled temporal resolution spatial resolution weaker

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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of neuroscience techniques

A

Spatial resolution: cellular level

Temporal resolution: millisecond scale

While brain studied simultaneously

Non-invasive

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3
Q

How is the brain segmented

A

Segmented according appearance microscope

Cytoarchitectonics

Sharp views across brain

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4
Q

If all cells 6 layers how can they be different

A

Certain areas wider than others = allow discrimination
Requires microscopic anatomy
Combined compatible neuroanatomy. Require integration from other methods

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5
Q

Does appearance reflect the type of cell

A

Yes
Variance layers reflects difference in functions

Type cell correlates with function

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6
Q

Who compares the motor and somatosensory cortex

A

Kolb and Whishaw

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7
Q

Outline the motor cortex according to Kold and Whishaw

A

Thin layer 4 (input)

Wide layer 5 (output)

Pre central gyrus

Mainly processing output/afferents

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8
Q

What Broadmann area is related to the motor cortex

A

Brodmann area 4

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9
Q

What do efferents do

A

Connections control spinal and muscle movement in layers 3 and 5

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10
Q

Outline the Somatosensory Cortex according to Kolb and Whishaw

A

Wide layer 4 (Input)

Thin layer 5 (output)

Post central gyrus

Mainly processing inputs/efferents

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11
Q

What Broadmann area is related to the somatosensory cortex

A

Brodmann area 1, 2, 3

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12
Q

What is the main difference between Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex

A

Motor: wide layer 5, pre central gyrus, processing outputs

Somatosensory: thin layer 5, post central gyrus, processing inputs

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13
Q

What is Brodmann Area 17 associated with

A

Primary visual cortex - occipital

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14
Q

What is Brodmann Area 41 associated with

A

Primary auditory cortex - superior temporal cortex

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15
Q

Compare temporal and spatial resolution about TMS

A

Excellent temporal

Good spatial resolution

Cortical mapping

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16
Q

What does TMS stand for

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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17
Q

What does Transcranial mean

A

Means something happens through skulls

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18
Q

How is a TMS set up

A

Stimulator places above scallop contains coil wire

Brief pulse electrical current fed through coil

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19
Q

What is the result of the TMS

A

Magnetic field flux lines perpendicular plane coil
Induces electric field perpendicular to magnetic field
Leads neuronal excitation within brain - trans-cranial

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20
Q

Strengths of using TMS

A

Non invasive
Painless
Safe stimulation

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21
Q

What are the uses of a TMS

A

Study behaviour during

Virtual brain lesions

Chronometry

Functional connectivity

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22
Q

Does TMS effects depend on stimulation site

A

Yes

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23
Q

What are the TMS effects when placed above the lateral surface of the brain

A

Excitation areas 4 3 2 1

Effect motor consequence/movement

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24
Q

What are the TMS effects when placed above the occipital surface of the brain

A

Activate area 17

Effect visual perception

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25
Q

Outline Motor Cortex Stimulation

A

Activated cortico-spinal neuroma trans synaptically

Spatial resolution applied neighbouring sites motor homunculus activate different lower arm movements such as thumb and little finger twitches

TMS means separate these tasks

Record motor EPs (surface EMG, target muscle relaxes)

Record silent period contracted target muscles

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26
Q

Outline an example of motor cortex stimulation

A

TMS coil 5cm lateral from vertex

Often contralateral thumb twitches (20ms post TMS)

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27
Q

Outline Occipital Cortex Stimulation

A

Excitatory effects
Perceptions without cognitive stimulation
E.g. phosphenes, inhibitory effects: suppression motor perception and letter identification, interference

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28
Q

Outline Somatosensory Cortex Stimulation

A

Elicit tingling
Block detection peripheral stimuli (tactile, pain)

Modify somatosensory evoked potentials

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29
Q

Outline Auditory Cortex Stimulation

A

Interpretation results challenging: loud coil click

More complicated TMS interpretation

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30
Q

Outline Frontal Cortex Stimulation

A

Effects mood and therapeutic use

Effects measure peripheral responses as impaired or altered perception as improved or impaired task performance or as brains direct responses

Detected EEG PET fMRI

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31
Q

What is a common example of TMS using cross modal plasticity in the brain

A

Blind people learning use Braille

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32
Q

Outline the example of TMS and crossmodal plasticity in the brain

A 
Blind people learning Braille 
Superior tactile perception 
Occipital cortex involved 
Blind people’s visual cortex known be activated during Braille reading 
Functional significance this activations
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33
Q

How does Chronometry explain cross modality of Braille method

A

Single pulse TMS
Real and nonsensical Braille presented
Interval between tactile Braille stimulus and TMS varied
Subjects detect and identify stimuli

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34
Q

How does Chronometry explain cross modality of Braille results for the Sensorimotor Cortex

A

Sensorimotor cortex TMS @ 20ms post tact stimulation interferes detection and perception

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35
Q

How does Chronometry explain cross modality of Braille results for the Occipital Cortex

A

Occipital Cortex TMS @ 6pm’s (between 50-80ms) post tact stimulation interferes with perception

Between 50-80ms occipital Cortex interferes and helps identification NOT detection

Time to travel from somatosensory to occipital Cortex

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36
Q

How does Chronometry explain cross modality of Braille results conclusions

A

Visual cortex contributes to tactile info processing in early blind subjects

Cross modal plasticity

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37
Q

Who investigates into Virtual Lesions of cross modality of Braille method

A

Cohen et al 1997

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38
Q

What is the main difference between Chronometry and Virtual Lesions of cross modality of Braille method

A

Virtual lesions is repetitive TMS

Chronometry uses electronic display for better control of timing = manipulates

39
Q

Outline the Virtual Lesions of cross modality of Braille method by Cohen et al 1997 method

A

Repetitive TMS temporary Inhibition brain areas. Reversible. Acts virtual lesions
Measured Errors Braille Reading

40
Q

Outline the Virtual Lesions of cross modality of Braille method by Cohen et al 1997 results for Posterior Cortex

A

TMS cross-modal error rate depends on TMS Stimulation type

Highest level Errors TMS stimulate posterior cortex and left posterior

Certain TMS protocols virtual lesions outlast TMS stimulation by several minutes
During these minutes behavioural task be carried out

41
Q

Outline the Virtual Lesions of cross modality of Braille method by Cohen et al 1997 results for Occipital Cortex

A

Occipital Cortex supports Braille reading. Early blind subjects max error rage after occipital virtual lesion

42
Q

Outline the advantages of TMS

A

Temporal resolution in ms
Virtual lesions better defined than actual lesion in patient
Short duration experiment minimises risk plasticity
Repeated studies same ppt
Group experiments standardised
Study double dissociations: stimulate or temporarily disrupt different cortical regions

43
Q

Outline the disadvantages of TMS

A

Spatial undersampling - only 1 area at a time
Only cortical areas accessible
Auditory cortex stimulation problematic (muscles)
Loud coil click = sham stimulation

44
Q

Outline EEGs measuring electrical activity of brain temporal and spatial resolution

A

Excellent temporal resolution not so good spatial

45
Q

Outline what EEGs measure

A

Electrical activity

Measure ongoing activation and correlate it

Activation be in certain configuration

46
Q

Outline EEGs neuronal structure

A

Neurons aligned perpendicular cortical surface,

Dendrite closer to surface

Axons closer to white matter

47
Q

How are EEGs generated

A

Post synaptic potentials 2ms duration

Short
Arrive brain 10-100ms. Be semated

Non invasive

48
Q

Outline EEG as an Electroencephalogram

A

Oscillatory waveform - time reflects wave length, amplitude reflects height wave

Oscillation - repetitive variation signal

Rhythms - observed spontaneously, continuous unlike ERPs

49
Q

Outline the Alpha Blockade/Berger Effect

A

Effect of activity when eyes closed

Disappears when eyes open

50
Q

What are the 3 EEGs on frequency to consider

A

Beta

Alpha

Theta

Delta

51
Q

Define Beta 13-30Hz

A

Evident frontally

Dominant when subject alert

Eyes open

52
Q

Define Alpha 7-13Hz

A

Occipital maximum it is dominant

Pot relaxed eyes closed

Blocked by opening eyes or by onset mental effort = Berger Effect

53
Q

Define Theta 3-7Hz

A

Slow activity

Rare in adults when awake

Normal children up to 13 years and can’t sleep

54
Q

Define Delta <3 Hz

A

Dominant infants up to 1 year

Stages 3 and 4 sleep

55
Q

Which wave form has highest frequency

A

Beta

56
Q

Which wave form has lowest frequency

A

Delta

57
Q

Which waveform has highest amplitude

A

Delta

58
Q

Which waveform has lowest amplitude

A

Beta

59
Q

Outline use of EEG for Biological Psychology

A

Parallel EEG and ppts eyes open and closed

Lack experimental control

Spontaneous EEG without control sensory stimuli and task

On going oscillations multiple frequency bands - varying with sleep stage

60
Q

Outline Event Related Oscillations in regards to EEG for Biological Psychology

A

Stimulus or task related changes in EEG oscillations

Terms frequency or amplitude

Temporal resolution tens to hundreds milliseconds

61
Q

Outline Event Related Potentials in regards to EEG for Biological Psychology

A

Waveforms defined latency relative to event

Such as sensory stimulus

Obtained through time locked averaging EEG

Temporal resolution tens of milliseconds

62
Q

Outline event related EEG oscillations

A

Ppts presented cue tone
100Hz target left. 800Hz target to right
Build up lateralised visual attention left or right hemifield between time auditory cue or visual target
Cue for right suppression alpha oscillations in left
Brain correlate lateralised attention towards subsequent target

63
Q

Outline the processes signal of event related EEG oscillations

A

Momentary amplitude of EEG alpha oscillations as a function of time

64
Q

Outline ERPs in a single trial

A

Cannot be reliably discriminated from non time locked EEG activity

Certain assumptions averaging increases signal to noise ratio

Artefacts be excluded:
Movement eyes
Muscles activity - clenching teeth

65
Q

What do ERPs measure

A

Peak and troughs at various latencies

66
Q

Outline Exogenous EROs

A

Automatic responses brain controlled physical properties

Sensory evoked potentials <100ms post stimulation

Elected whenever modality specific sensory pathway intact

Influenced intensity/frequency

Important neurological diagnosis

67
Q

Outline Endogenous ERPs

A

Reflect interaction between subject and event (attention, relevance, expectation)

Response omitted stimulus = event consistent presented certain time point, then omitted, brain still performs as though presented

68
Q

Outline Mesogenous ERPs

A

Semi automatic
Modulated by cognitive processes - attention, memory

Not very popular but useful classification

ERP waveforms 100-200ms latency range subject cognitive modules

69
Q

Outline example of N1-P2 of ERPs

A

Depend stimulus intensity

Intensity increases amplitudes N1-P2 increase

N1 first negative wave
P2 second positive wave

Depend rate stimulus presentation. Rate slowed, amplitude increases

70
Q

Outline an example of Mesogenous ERPs

A

Selective attention and N100
Differ along 2 dimensions - location and pitch
Presented low tones right ear.
Interested divert attention to left ear
Effect attention: subtract responses to standard tones in attended war from response to standard tones in unattended ear

71
Q

Conclusion of an example of Mesogenous ERPs

A

Effect selective attention emerges early 100ms after stimulus

Based temporal resolution

72
Q

What are the stats surrounding the N100 Mesogenous ERP

A

1000Hz 55ms duration every 1.5 seconds

Large negative wave, 80-100ms latency, topography (scalp distribution), frontocentral maximum

Voltage difference between electrode X and reference electrode - topography depends on site reference electrode

73
Q

Outline the source of localisation for ERPs

A

Determine neural generators whose activity results in scalp recorded potential
Inverse problem
No unique solution
Scalp distorts and smears electrical fields

74
Q

How can we overcome the scalp distorting and smearing electrical fields

A

Recording magnetic instead of electric fields

75
Q

What does MMN stand for

A

Mis Match Negativity

76
Q

Outline Mismatched Negativity

A

Passive auditory oddball paradigm - frequent tones standard rare tones are deviant in pitch, intensity and duration

More discriminate stimuli shorter MMN latency and larger MMN amplitude frontal/central maximum

77
Q

What does Mismatch Negativity reflect

A

Pre-attentive processing deviant features

Sensory memory or echo if memory - not recorded after very long interstimulus intervals

78
Q

Outline Mismatched Negativity in patients with Schiz

A

Decrease MMN amplitude

Attenuation stronger for duration deviants than frequency deviants

Attenuate MMN in first degree relatives Schiz, reflecting genetic vulnerability

79
Q

Outline Mismatched Negativity in children with dyslexia

A

Reduction amplitude

Frequency-deviant MMN

Reduction correlated severity dyslexia

80
Q

Outline Classic endogenous ERPs P3 and P3b

A

Response task relevant oddball stimuli

Parietal maximum

Sensitive stimulus probability

Reflect categorisation - linger latency when difficult categorise

81
Q

Outline Novelty endogenous ERPs P3 and P3a

A

Response unexpected deviant stimuli

Frontal max orienting for which no memory template available

Not task relevant any unexpected stimuli elicit this response

Auditory oddball paradigm May elicit MMN and P300

82
Q

Outline omitted stimulus endogenous ERPs P3

A

When expected stimuli do not occur of definition of endogenous ERPs

83
Q

Outline the effects when endogenous ERPs are elicited by
Infrequently occurring targets
Equally infrequent novel sounds
Actively attended novelty oddball task

A

Infrequently occurring targets: Classic P3 P3b max over parietal electrodes

Equally infrequent novel environmental sounds - P3 P3a, max over central electrodes

Actively attended novelty oddball task no different topographic distributions. Surface potential maps

84
Q

Outline P300 in Schiz

A

Reduced auditory P300 amplitude
Reflecting impairment sustained attention

Attenuated P300 in first degree relatives suggesting increased genetic risk Schiz

85
Q

Outline Endogenous ERPs N400 Effect

A

Ppts required read sentence. End work manipulated be expected or unexpected

Unexpected elicited strong negative peak N400

86
Q

When does the N400 effect occur

A

Specific semantically incongruent sentence endings

87
Q

What is the effects of the N400 on amplitude

A

Semantically incongruent (syntactically correct) amplitude proportional degrees of incongruence

88
Q

What is movement related potential in accordance to N400 effect

A

Preceding voluntary movement
Self paced
Readiness potential maximum contralateral to responding to limb

Simply ppt lifting finger

89
Q

Who investigates the contingent negative variation (CNV) in S1-S2 paradigm

A

William Grey Walter 1964

90
Q

Outline the contingent negative variation (CNV) in S1-2 paradigm by William Grey Walter 1964

A

Orienting wave = warning signal

Expectancy wave (same readiness potential) = tone requiring response

Ppts given tone which requires key press from them

91
Q

What does MEG stand for

A

Magnetoencephalography

92
Q

Outline MEG

A

Electrical activity in brain generates magnetic fields

Magnetic field be measured outside head

Skull transparent, no contact with scalp

Response through averaging ERPs

93
Q

Disadvantages of MEG

A

Require very low noise environment or magnetic shielding

94
Q

Advantages of MEG

A

Better spatial resolution - 5mm

Millisecond temporal resolution

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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