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Neuroscience > Lecture 12 - Anxiety > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Define stress

A

Physiological and psychological state of disruption caused by presence of unarticulated disruptive or stimulating event

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2
Q

Define a stressor

A

Factors or events real or imagined elicit a response of stress disorder

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3
Q

Define Eustress

A

Stress adds positive enhancing dimension to quality of life

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4
Q

Define distress

A

Stress diminishes quality of life commonly associated with disease maladaption and illness

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5
Q

What are the potential responses to stress

A

Physiological
Cognitive
Emotional
Behavioural

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6
Q

What did Canon 1914 investigate with stress

A

Animals responses
Fight or flight
Danger creates physiological reactions prepare organisms to respond
Adaptive evolutionary

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7
Q

Pros of fight or flight response

A

Help respond more quickly to threat

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8
Q

Negatives of fight or flight response

A

Harmful to health of prolonged

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9
Q

External physiological responses to threat

A

Pupils dilate

Hairs on end - more sensitive environment

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10
Q

Outline changes to heart in physiological responses to threat

A

Heart rate increase
Artistries construct maximise pressure
Veins open out ease return blood to heart

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11
Q

Outline respiratory system changes to physiological responses to threat

A

Respiratory system lungs throat and nostrils open up
Breathing speeding up get more air in system
Increase blood flow be reoxygenated
Blood carried oxygen to muscles allowing them work harder

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12
Q

Outline creating instant energy as physiological response to threat

A

Fat from fatty cells
Glucose from liver
Metabolised to create instant energy

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13
Q

Outline kidney and digestive system physiological responses to threat

A

Blood vessels to kidney and digestive system constrict
Shutting down systems not essential
Reduction saliva in mouth

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14
Q

Outline bowels and bladder physiological response to threat

A

Bowles and bladder may open out to reduce need for other internal actions

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15
Q

Outline the skins physiological response to threat

A

Blood vessels to skin construct reducing any potential blood loss
Sweat glands open providing external cooling liquid

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16
Q

Outline endorphins and physiological response to threat

A

Endorphins are released

Reduce pain

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17
Q

Define stress hormone Glucocorticoid

A

Group hormones of adrenal cortex
Kidney important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Secreted especially in times of stress

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18
Q

Define stress hormone Corricotropin-releasing Hormone CRH

A

Hypothalamic hormone stimulates anterior pituitary gland

Secretes ACTH
Adrenocorticotopic hormone

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19
Q

Define stress hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

Hormone released by anterior pituitary gland

Response to CRH

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids

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20
Q

Outline Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenocortical System

A
  1. CRF released response environmental stressor (uncertainty arousal)
  2. ACTH released by pituitary
  3. Releases corticosteroids
  4. Stressor terminated negative feedback occurs shutting down HPA Axis
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21
Q

Flow diagram of HPA Axis Response

A 
Stress ->
CRF ->
Pituitary ->
ACTH ->
Adrenals ->
Cortisol
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22
Q

What did Hans Selye hope to discover

A

Proposed model explain how stress affects the body

Hoping discover new sex hormone
Injected rats with ovarian hormone extract

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23
Q

What 3 effects did Hans Selye Identify

A
  1. Enlargement of adrenal cortex
  2. Shrinking of thymus gland
  3. Bleeding ulcers
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24
Q

What did Hans Selye conclude

A

Injected other fluids found same reaction
Same reaction to electric shock, surgical trauma and immobilisation restraint

Body’s reaction to stress was general

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25
What 3 stages did Selyes Adaption Syndrome suggest
1. Alarm reaction 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion
26
Outline stage 1 Alarm Reaction in Selyes General Adaption Syndrome
Physical or mental trauma trigger immediate reactions combat stress Immune system initially depressed Normal levels resistance lowered more susceptible infection/disease Stress not severe or long we recover rapidly Periods stress - exams more likely have cold Environment and how we interpret interacts with immune system
27
Outline stage 2 Resistance in Selyes General Adaption Syndrome
``` Adapt to stress More resistant to illness Immune system becomes over activate keep up with demands Begin to cope If stress persists leads to stage 3 ```
28
Outline stage 3 Exhaustion in Selyes General Adaption Syndrome
Body not able to maintain homeostasis and long term resistance needed combat stress Develop sudden drop in resistance level No one experienced exactly same resistance and tolerance to stress Everyone’s immunity collapses following prolonged stress reactions Life sustaining mechanisms slow down organ systems break down “Diseases of adaptation”
29
Outline strengths of Selyes Model
General theory variety of stressors Physiological and environmental interaction Physiological mechanism for relationship between stress and illness
30
Outline weaknesses of Selyes Model
Limited role psychological factors Assumes responses uniform - variances in individuals Considers stress as an outcome
31
Define anxiety
Diffuse unpleasant vague sense apprehension often accompanied by autonomic symptoms Distinguishable from fear
32
Define state anxiety
Experienced at particular moment increased by anxiogenic stimulus
33
Define trait anxiety
Enduring feature of individual doesn’t vary from moment to moment
34
What are the 8 subtypes of clinical anxiety the DSM identifies
``` Panic disorder Agoraphobia - open spaces Social phobia Simple phobia OCD PTSD GAD Unspecified ```
35
Outline Gray 2000 Behavioural Inhibition System SNRI anxiety drugs counteract behavioural effects of 3 classes of stimuli
1. Stimuli associated with punishment 2. Stimuli associated omission expected reward 3. Novel stimuli
36
What behavioural effects did Gray Behavioural Inhibition System Identity
1. Inhibition of ongoing behaviour 2. Increased attention to environmental stimuli 3. Increased level of arousal Critical cite anti anxiety action if limbic system and septic hippocampal system
37
Where does evidence for Grays Behavioural Inhibition System come from
Animal models Stress increases activity both these pathways Reversed by anxiolytic drugs Destruction pathways by lesions rise to Behavioural changes seen after anxiolytics (drugs reduce anxiety)
38
What comparisons does Gray Behavioural Inhibition System perform
Whole system compares actual with expected stimuli If match functions Of mismatch or advertise takes direct control over behaviour and outlets BIS operated
39
What is the phobia involved in OCD
Inhibition of motor programme
40
How do we know amygdala involved in fear based emotions
Woman with amygdala damage cannot represent fear accurately Asked draw fear she drew neural baby picture Couldn’t conceptualise fear
41
Outline amygdala and lateral hypothalamus
Sympathetic involved increasing heart rate blood pressure and paleness
42
Outline amygdala and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
Parasympathetic activation Ulcers Urination and defecation
43
Outline amygdala and Parabrachial nucleus
Increased respiration
44
Outline amygdala and VTA
Behavioural arousal | Dopamine
45
Outline amygdala and Locus Coeruleus
Increased vigilance norepinephrine
46
Outline amygdala and dorsolateral tegmental nucleus
Cortical activation | Acetylcholine
47
Outline amygdala and nucleus reticularis Pontis causalis
Augmented startle response
48
Outline amygdala and Periaqueductal gray matter
Behaviour arrest | Freezing
49
Outline amygdala and Trigeminal facial motor nuclei
Facial expressions fear
50
Outline amygdala and Paraventricular nucleus
ACTH glucocorticoid secretion
51
Outline amygdala and Nucleus Basalis
Cortical activation
52
Outline serotonin receptor subtypes
Important stress responses 5HT2 - antipsychotic drugs 5HT3 - bind and block sickness associated chemo Anxiety most concerned 5HT1 receptor
53
Outline 5HT1a receptor distribution
Significantly greater activity in right amygdala of different genotypes Short vs long alleles For serotonin transporter
54
Outline experiment A for testing serotonin Receptor 1a in anxiety
Emotion task | Viewed trio faces and selected 1 of 2 faces expressed same emotion as target face
55
Outline experiment B for testing serotonin Receptor 1a in anxiety
During Sensorimotor control subjects viewed trio simple geometric shapes Selected 1 of 2 shapes matched target shape
56
Findings of experiment A and B on Serotonin Transporter 1a
Short allele coding serpentine transporter higher response identifying fearful emotion compared long allele
57
Outline genetics and anxiety
Anxiety related disorders interaction between animal Model aetiology of disease and biology of psychological trait Phenotype inferred rather than observed
58
Percentage variance in psychiatric disorders attributable to heritable factors
GAD social phobia and panic disorder relatively low compared to Schiz or Huntington’s Mediated developmentally is neurochemically
59
Outline Gross and Hen 2004 measuring size of hippocampus in twins
If develop a typical brain and typical hippocampus - experience stress or trauma risk PTSD low Small hippocampus - experience trauma risk developing PTSD high. But twin doesn’t experience trauma low. Inbuilt protection against trauma
60
How can our genotype protect against poor postnatal environment
Cross fostering studies Offspring low licking and grooming parents raised by high licking mothers less prone anxiety Offspring of high licking mothers raised low licking and grooming mothers no increased tendency have anxiety
61
What do the findings of the cross fostering licking grooming mothers tell us
Offspring low licking raised by high licking indicates effect mediated by postnatal maternal environment Specific factors inherited by high licking grooming offspring protect them from effects being mothered by low licking and grooming mothers

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