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Neuroscience > Lecture 12 - Anxiety > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Define stress

A

Physiological and psychological state of disruption caused by presence of unarticulated disruptive or stimulating event

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2
Q

Define a stressor

A

Factors or events real or imagined elicit a response of stress disorder

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3
Q

Define Eustress

A

Stress adds positive enhancing dimension to quality of life

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4
Q

Define distress

A

Stress diminishes quality of life commonly associated with disease maladaption and illness

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5
Q

What are the potential responses to stress

A

Physiological
Cognitive
Emotional
Behavioural

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6
Q

What did Canon 1914 investigate with stress

A

Animals responses
Fight or flight
Danger creates physiological reactions prepare organisms to respond
Adaptive evolutionary

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7
Q

Pros of fight or flight response

A

Help respond more quickly to threat

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8
Q

Negatives of fight or flight response

A

Harmful to health of prolonged

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9
Q

External physiological responses to threat

A

Pupils dilate

Hairs on end - more sensitive environment

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10
Q

Outline changes to heart in physiological responses to threat

A

Heart rate increase
Artistries construct maximise pressure
Veins open out ease return blood to heart

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11
Q

Outline respiratory system changes to physiological responses to threat

A

Respiratory system lungs throat and nostrils open up
Breathing speeding up get more air in system
Increase blood flow be reoxygenated
Blood carried oxygen to muscles allowing them work harder

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12
Q

Outline creating instant energy as physiological response to threat

A

Fat from fatty cells
Glucose from liver
Metabolised to create instant energy

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13
Q

Outline kidney and digestive system physiological responses to threat

A

Blood vessels to kidney and digestive system constrict
Shutting down systems not essential
Reduction saliva in mouth

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14
Q

Outline bowels and bladder physiological response to threat

A

Bowles and bladder may open out to reduce need for other internal actions

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15
Q

Outline the skins physiological response to threat

A

Blood vessels to skin construct reducing any potential blood loss
Sweat glands open providing external cooling liquid

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16
Q

Outline endorphins and physiological response to threat

A

Endorphins are released

Reduce pain

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17
Q

Define stress hormone Glucocorticoid

A

Group hormones of adrenal cortex
Kidney important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Secreted especially in times of stress

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18
Q

Define stress hormone Corricotropin-releasing Hormone CRH

A

Hypothalamic hormone stimulates anterior pituitary gland

Secretes ACTH
Adrenocorticotopic hormone

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19
Q

Define stress hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

Hormone released by anterior pituitary gland

Response to CRH

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids

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20
Q

Outline Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenocortical System

A
  1. CRF released response environmental stressor (uncertainty arousal)
  2. ACTH released by pituitary
  3. Releases corticosteroids
  4. Stressor terminated negative feedback occurs shutting down HPA Axis
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21
Q

Flow diagram of HPA Axis Response

A 
Stress ->
CRF ->
Pituitary ->
ACTH ->
Adrenals ->
Cortisol
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22
Q

What did Hans Selye hope to discover

A

Proposed model explain how stress affects the body

Hoping discover new sex hormone
Injected rats with ovarian hormone extract

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23
Q

What 3 effects did Hans Selye Identify

A
  1. Enlargement of adrenal cortex
  2. Shrinking of thymus gland
  3. Bleeding ulcers
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24
Q

What did Hans Selye conclude

A

Injected other fluids found same reaction
Same reaction to electric shock, surgical trauma and immobilisation restraint

Body’s reaction to stress was general

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25
Q

What 3 stages did Selyes Adaption Syndrome suggest

A
  1. Alarm reaction
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
26
Q

Outline stage 1 Alarm Reaction in Selyes General Adaption Syndrome

A

Physical or mental trauma trigger immediate reactions combat stress
Immune system initially depressed
Normal levels resistance lowered more susceptible infection/disease
Stress not severe or long we recover rapidly

Periods stress - exams more likely have cold
Environment and how we interpret interacts with immune system

27
Q

Outline stage 2 Resistance in Selyes General Adaption Syndrome

A 
Adapt to stress 
More resistant to illness 
Immune system becomes over activate keep up with demands 
Begin to cope 
If stress persists leads to stage 3
28
Q

Outline stage 3 Exhaustion in Selyes General Adaption Syndrome

A

Body not able to maintain homeostasis and long term resistance needed combat stress
Develop sudden drop in resistance level
No one experienced exactly same resistance and tolerance to stress
Everyone’s immunity collapses following prolonged stress reactions
Life sustaining mechanisms slow down organ systems break down
“Diseases of adaptation”

29
Q

Outline strengths of Selyes Model

A

General theory variety of stressors

Physiological and environmental interaction

Physiological mechanism for relationship between stress and illness

30
Q

Outline weaknesses of Selyes Model

A

Limited role psychological factors

Assumes responses uniform - variances in individuals

Considers stress as an outcome

31
Q

Define anxiety

A

Diffuse unpleasant vague sense apprehension often accompanied by autonomic symptoms

Distinguishable from fear

32
Q

Define state anxiety

A

Experienced at particular moment increased by anxiogenic stimulus

33
Q

Define trait anxiety

A

Enduring feature of individual doesn’t vary from moment to moment

34
Q

What are the 8 subtypes of clinical anxiety the DSM identifies

A 
Panic disorder 
Agoraphobia - open spaces 
Social phobia
Simple phobia 
OCD
PTSD
GAD 
Unspecified
35
Q

Outline Gray 2000 Behavioural Inhibition System SNRI anxiety drugs counteract behavioural effects of 3 classes of stimuli

A
  1. Stimuli associated with punishment
  2. Stimuli associated omission expected reward
  3. Novel stimuli
36
Q

What behavioural effects did Gray Behavioural Inhibition System Identity

A
  1. Inhibition of ongoing behaviour
  2. Increased attention to environmental stimuli
  3. Increased level of arousal

Critical cite anti anxiety action if limbic system and septic hippocampal system

37
Q

Where does evidence for Grays Behavioural Inhibition System come from

A

Animal models
Stress increases activity both these pathways
Reversed by anxiolytic drugs
Destruction pathways by lesions rise to Behavioural changes seen after anxiolytics (drugs reduce anxiety)

38
Q

What comparisons does Gray Behavioural Inhibition System perform

A

Whole system compares actual with expected stimuli
If match functions
Of mismatch or advertise takes direct control over behaviour and outlets BIS operated

39
Q

What is the phobia involved in OCD

A

Inhibition of motor programme

40
Q

How do we know amygdala involved in fear based emotions

A

Woman with amygdala damage cannot represent fear accurately
Asked draw fear she drew neural baby picture
Couldn’t conceptualise fear

41
Q

Outline amygdala and lateral hypothalamus

A

Sympathetic involved increasing heart rate blood pressure and paleness

42
Q

Outline amygdala and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

A

Parasympathetic activation
Ulcers
Urination and defecation

43
Q

Outline amygdala and Parabrachial nucleus

A

Increased respiration

44
Q

Outline amygdala and VTA

A

Behavioural arousal

Dopamine

45
Q

Outline amygdala and Locus Coeruleus

A

Increased vigilance norepinephrine

46
Q

Outline amygdala and dorsolateral tegmental nucleus

A

Cortical activation

Acetylcholine

47
Q

Outline amygdala and nucleus reticularis Pontis causalis

A

Augmented startle response

48
Q

Outline amygdala and Periaqueductal gray matter

A

Behaviour arrest

Freezing

49
Q

Outline amygdala and Trigeminal facial motor nuclei

A

Facial expressions fear

50
Q

Outline amygdala and Paraventricular nucleus

A

ACTH glucocorticoid secretion

51
Q

Outline amygdala and Nucleus Basalis

A

Cortical activation

52
Q

Outline serotonin receptor subtypes

A

Important stress responses
5HT2 - antipsychotic drugs
5HT3 - bind and block sickness associated chemo

Anxiety most concerned 5HT1 receptor

53
Q

Outline 5HT1a receptor distribution

A

Significantly greater activity in right amygdala of different genotypes
Short vs long alleles
For serotonin transporter

54
Q

Outline experiment A for testing serotonin Receptor 1a in anxiety

A

Emotion task

Viewed trio faces and selected 1 of 2 faces expressed same emotion as target face

55
Q

Outline experiment B for testing serotonin Receptor 1a in anxiety

A

During Sensorimotor control subjects viewed trio simple geometric shapes
Selected 1 of 2 shapes matched target shape

56
Q

Findings of experiment A and B on Serotonin Transporter 1a

A

Short allele coding serpentine transporter higher response identifying fearful emotion compared long allele

57
Q

Outline genetics and anxiety

A

Anxiety related disorders interaction between animal Model aetiology of disease and biology of psychological trait

Phenotype inferred rather than observed

58
Q

Percentage variance in psychiatric disorders attributable to heritable factors

A

GAD social phobia and panic disorder relatively low compared to Schiz or Huntington’s

Mediated developmentally is neurochemically

59
Q

Outline Gross and Hen 2004 measuring size of hippocampus in twins

A

If develop a typical brain and typical hippocampus - experience stress or trauma risk PTSD low

Small hippocampus - experience trauma risk developing PTSD high. But twin doesn’t experience trauma low.
Inbuilt protection against trauma

60
Q

How can our genotype protect against poor postnatal environment

A

Cross fostering studies
Offspring low licking and grooming parents raised by high licking mothers less prone anxiety

Offspring of high licking mothers raised low licking and grooming mothers no increased tendency have anxiety

61
Q

What do the findings of the cross fostering licking grooming mothers tell us

A

Offspring low licking raised by high licking indicates effect mediated by postnatal maternal environment

Specific factors inherited by high licking grooming offspring protect them from effects being mothered by low licking and grooming mothers

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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