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Neuroscience > Lecture 3 - Emotion 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Emotion 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define emotions

A

States elicited by rewarding or aversive stimuli and their omission or termination of stimuli
Can categorise

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2
Q

Define what a state is

A

Comprises thoughts “feelings” and physiological/behavioural responses to emotion

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3
Q

How can emotional stimuli be measured

A

Physiological or behavioural responses emotional stimuli unambiguously be measured

Fearful = heart rate blood pressure freezing

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4
Q

Outline evolutionary considerations of physiological and behavioural responses of emotion

A

Survival value
Relatively preserved throughout evolution
Principle organisation brain very similar along all mammalian species

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5
Q

Advantage of Rats as a model system

A

Easy breed and keep
Well established behavioural tests
Brain large enough apply selective manipulations to distinct brain structures
Brain anatomy very well characterised

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6
Q

Disadvantages of rats as model systems

A

Generic manipulations difficult

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7
Q

Outline Papez Theory of emotion 1937

A

Originally anatomical grounds
Hippocampus amygdala and hypothalamus linked higher cortical areas
Linked higher cognition
Lower areas brain stem control physiological responses

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8
Q

Outline Klüver and Bucys temporal lesion effect studies 1939

A

Temporal lobe lesion effects monkeys

Monkey act drunk

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9
Q

Outline MacLeans Limbic System Theory 1949

A

Lesion studies
Hippocampus emotional keyboard
Need play hippocampus trigger different emotional reactions

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10
Q

Outline 2 case studies in the prefrontal cortex

A

Phineas Gage - Harlow 1868

Nauta 1971

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11
Q

Outline Phineas Gage - Harlow 1868

A

Iron rod through brain

Personality and emotions changed substantially

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12
Q

Outline Nauta 1971

A

Frontal loves and interoception
Due to anatomical position
Sit between higher association cortices and brain stem
Good position anatomically play role in emotions

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13
Q

Outline role of Meso-corticolimbic dopamine system in emotions

A

Originates VTA and midbrain transmitted via dopamine

Brain stimulated induced reward

Neuroleptic induced anhedonia particularly dopamine. Mean failure experience reward properly

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14
Q

How can anxiety and fear be characterised without reference to subjective feelings

A

State causes by presence aversive stimulus

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15
Q

What has most animal research of emotion focused on last 30 years

A

Animal research brain substrates focused on fear and anxiety

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16
Q

What does fear and anxiety comprise of

A

Protective and defensive responses normally elected by aversive stimuli

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17
Q

How does Davis et al 2010 define fear

A

Plastic escape or avoidance responses to distinct aversive stimuli

18
Q

Define anxiety

A

Tonic responses to diffuse aversive situations
Associated conflict and uncertainty
Different types fear and anxiety responses

19
Q

What are fear and anxiety related disorders

A 
GAD 
OCD 
Panic Disorder 
Phobias 
PTSD
20
Q

Outline the classic fear conditioning paradigm - Phelps and LeDoux 2005

A

Stimulus neutral tone paired with aversive stimulus - foot shock
Later test sessions tone alone electors similar responses
Particularly closed environment
Responses: freezing protective action

21
Q

Outline functional anatomical model of conditioned fear by Phelps and LeDoux 2005 in relation to lateral amygdala

A

Amygdala anatomically food position mediate fear responses
Input auditory systems and pain related
Somatosensory system
Come together in lateral amygdala
Linked affect systems could translate fear association into behavioural and physiological responses

22
Q

Outline functional anatomical model of conditioned fear by Phelps and LeDoux 2005 in relation to central brain

A

Amygdala connections central brain important generating freezing response
Connections heart, thalamus, lateral hypothalamus and PG nucleus

Modulate blood pressure and hormone levels

23
Q

What is the slippery slope of fear identified by LeDoux

A

Restricting use fear to denote feelings

Using threat induced defensive reactions help avoid misunderstandings brain mechanisms involved

24
Q

What does the functional anatomical model of conditioned fear see the amygdala critical for

A

Threat induced defensive reactions

Lateral and central amygdala critical formation and expression CC fear behaviour

25
Q

Amorapanth et al 2000 lateral and central amygdala in conditioned fear

A

Lesions electric current through areas brain want lesion damage it
Sham - insect group - pronounced freezing response no lesion
Amygdala lesions failed show fear response

Lesioned basal area no affect on fear response

26
Q

Different central executive outputs mediate different conditioned fear responses

A

Electric and neurotoxin lesions
Lesion lateral hypothalamus = abolish increased blood pressure. Leave freezing response untouched

Lesion central gray area = blood pressure untouched. Freezing response abolished

27
Q

Why is a neurotoxic lesion

A

Inject neurotoxin in to seas specifically only destroy neuroma within regions
Not damage fibres passage do through these regions coming from other areas

28
Q

What are the areas of control of different fear responses found in neurotoxin research

A

Central gray = freezing response

Lateral hypothalamus = blood pressure

PVN = hormones

29
Q

Outline fear conditioning related to plasticity in lateral amygdala neurons

A

Learning association auditory stimulus and foot shock occurs here

LA neurons come fire in response to tone
Use electrodes placed within lateral amygdala then record neuronal responses different stages fear conditioning experiments

30
Q

How is the Amygdala measured in conditioned fear paradigms

A

FMRI

31
Q

Outline Brchara et al 1995 study on the Amygdala and fear

A

Paired red and blue stimuli with shock
Increase skin conductance response conditioned fear
Declarative memory for shock pairing
Physiological response impaired due to amygdala damage but still showed awareness this happened

32
Q

Outline LaBar et am 1998 study on amygdala and fear

A

MRI
Combined fear conditioning paradigm
FMRI signal change in relation fear conditioning in amygdala

33
Q

Why is there differences in research between Brchara et al 1995 and LaBar et al 1998

A

Differences in sensitivity and spatial resolution
FMRI = metabolic changes related neuronal changes = indirect and larger areas signal is weaker
Electrophysiological = look individual neurons

Fear condition paradigm weaker fMRI as shock only to wrist

34
Q

Why should the role of the amygdala on fear be treated with caution

A

Other brain structures - hippocampus, pre frontal cortex important contributions
Substrates conditioned fear may differ from those fear anxiety related behaviours
Amygdala involves in other emotional and behavioural processes as well

35
Q

Outline relationship between hippocampus and fear and anxiety

A

Ventral hippocampus and conditioned freezing
Ventral stream close interconnections with amygdala and hypothalamus
Ventral hippocampus implicates innate unconditioned anxiety responses

36
Q

Outline how an elevated maze stage can measure hippocampus role in fear and anxiety

A

Rats spontaneously avoid open elevated spaces
Spend time in closed arms
Fear predators
Lesion hippocampus or ventral hippocampus venture out closed arms more and less anxious

37
Q

Outline brightly lit test chamber can measure hippocampus role in fear and anxiety

A

Animal anxious of brightly lit areas
Increased defecation = shit
Shit themselves when go in to light
Count how often shit themselves

38
Q

Hippocampus lesions increase time rats spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze.
What does this finding indicate?

A

Hippocampal regions reduce anxiety

39
Q

Outline hippocampus and Anxiety Disorders

A

Taking out hippocampal region similar effects drugs used treat anxiety
Anxiety drugs dampen down hippocampus

40
Q

Outline Bremner et al 2000 study on hippocampus and anxiety disorders

A

Studies panic disorders using radioactive labelled tracers
Bind to benzodiazepine receptors
Part of GABA receptor mediates inhibitory neural transmission
More receptors = more Inhibition

Decreased hippocampal benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder
Less Inhibition in hippocampus
Too much hippocampal activity contributes to anxiety

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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