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Krista: Neuro > Lecture 4: Brain Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Brain Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close on babies?

A

18 Months (according to Valley)

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2
Q

When does the posterior and the anterolateral fontanel close?

A

2 months (Valley review)

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3
Q

When does the Posterolateral fontanel close?

A

2 yrs - This one takes the longest. (Valley Review)

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4
Q

What information does the Cerebrum process?

A

Somatic sensory and motor information

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5
Q

The cerebrum has 2 hemispheres - each is divided into _____ lobes

A

Four

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6
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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7
Q

What are some of the functions of the Frontal Lobe?

A

Memory formation, Emotions, Decision making/reasoning, Personality

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8
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Cortex and what is it responsible for?

A

Located in Precentral Gyrus, involved with coordinating movements of the body

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9
Q

Where is Broca’s area and what does it control?

A

Found in the LEFT Frontal Lobe - Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension

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10
Q

What could be the result of damage to Broca’s Area (Broca’s Aphasia)?

A

Ability to comprehend but inability to speak or form words

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11
Q

What is the site for Frontal Lobotomies?

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex

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12
Q

What is the name of the area that houses Cranial Nerve I?

A

Olfactory Bulb

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13
Q

Summary of Frontal Lobe functions

A

Speech, Emotion/mood/personality, Problem solving, Movements, Judgement

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14
Q

What are the main functions of the Parietal Lobe?

A

Spatial Awareness - proprioception, hand-Eye movement:::Senses and integration of senses

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15
Q

In the Parietal lobe, the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (postcentral Gyrus) is responsible for what?

A

Processing tactile and proprioceptive information

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16
Q

In the Parietal lobe, the Somatosensory Association Cortex is responsible for what?

A

Integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination

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17
Q

In the Parietal lobe, what area is responisble for taste?

A

Primary Gustatory Cortex

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18
Q

Damage to the Parietal Lobe can cause problems such as

A

Inability to attend to more than one object at a time. Inability to name an object (anomia). Problems with reading (Alexia). Difficulty drawing objects. Difficulty distinguishing Left from Right. Difficulty doing math (Dyscalculia). Difficulty judging spatial awareness (apraxia). Inability to focus visual attention. Difficulty with Hand/Eye coordination

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19
Q

Visual Information and interpreting of visual information takes place in what lobe?

A

Occipital lobe

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20
Q

What are some issues one might face if they have damage to the occipital lobe?

A

Defects in vision and visual field cuts. Difficulty with colors (color agnosia). Hallucinations and illusions. Inbility to recognize words or drawn objects. Difficulty reading/writing

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21
Q

What are some of the primary roles of the temporal lobes?

A

Hearing. Organization and comprehension of language. Information retrieval (memory and memory formation)

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22
Q

In the temporal lobe, what is the Primary auditory Cortex responsible for?

A

hearing

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23
Q

In the temporal lobe, what is the funciton of the Primary Olfactory Cortex?

A

Interprets smell information received from the Olfactory Bulb

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24
Q

In the temporal lobe, what is Wernicke’s Area responsible for?

A

Language comprehension and is located in the LEFT temporal lobe

25
Q

If someone is experiencing Wernicke’s Aphasia, what symptoms do they likely exhibit?

A

Can’t comprehend language and likley can’t form sentences or they might make nonsensical sentences

26
Q

What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?

A

white matter tract that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Damage may result in Conduction aphasia - ability to comprehend but difficulty repeating what was heard

27
Q

Some observed problems from damage to the temporal lobe might include:

A

Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia).
Difficulty in understanding spoken words.
Disturbance with selective attention to what we see and hear.
Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects.
Short-term memory loss.
Interference with long-term memory
Inability to categorize objects (Categorization).
Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking.
Increased aggressive behavior.

28
Q

In the Humunculus, why are there some parts of the body that are so out of proportion to the size of the body part?

A

Means the parts have more or less sensory or motor input

29
Q

What are some of the functions of the Cerebellum?

A

Provide precise timing for body movement
Adjust posture
Balance and equilibrium
Cerebellar activity is done subconsciouslyProvides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction to coordinate repetitive body movements and assist learning of complex motor behaviors

Adjusts the postural muscles of the body, controls balance and equilibrium

Recognizes and predicts sequences of

Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously

Provides timing and coordination of muscle activity

Adjusts posture, controls balance and equilibrium

Recognizes and predicts sequences of events

Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously

30
Q

Cerebellar lesions can cause what kinds of problems?

A

Asynergia - lack of muscle coordination
Ataxia - lack of organized movement
Hypotonia
Asthenia - reduced muscle strength

31
Q

What are some of the autonomic functions controlled by the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Arousal
heart rate
blood pressure
pace for respiration and digestion

32
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the Medulla Oblongota?

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII

33
Q

What are some of the control centers present in the Medulla Oblongota?

A

Cardiovascular control center - force and rate
Respiratory center - rate and depth
Vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

34
Q

What is the major control center located in the Pons?

A

Pneumotaxic Center - controls respiration

35
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the Pons?

A

CN V-VIII

36
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Process sight, sound and associated reflexes

Maintains Consciousness (reticular formation)

37
Q

Where is the Diencephalon and what does it connect?

A

located under the cerebrum and cerebellum. Links the cerebrum with the brainstem

38
Q

What is the major function of the diencephalon?

A

Integrate sensory information with motor commands

39
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the diencephalon?

A

CN II (optic)

40
Q

Name three parts of the diencephalon

A

Pineal Gland - Thalamus - Hypothalamus

41
Q

What hormone is secreted by the Pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

42
Q

What is the primary funciton of the Thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station - all sensory information stops here first EXCEPT for smell

43
Q

What are some of the primary functions of the hypothalamus?

A

“Captain of the ANS, master overseer of homeostasis”

  • emotions and behavior: Mediates pleasure, fear, rage
  • regulation of body temp, BP, GI motility, rate and depth of resp and other visceral activities
  • Drives food intake
  • water balance, thirst
  • day/night rhythms
  • Endocrine: secretes ADH and Oxytoccin
44
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

It is a Major endocrine gland - controls all others

45
Q

How are the Hypothalamus and Pituitary connected?

A

the Infundibulum

46
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

accessory motor system that helps control complex patterns of activity like writing, using scissors, suturing and throwing a ball

47
Q

How much CSF is formed per day?

A

500 ml/day or about 21 ml/hr

48
Q

How much CSF does a normal adult have?

A

150ml

49
Q

From the Choroid plexus to the arachnoid villi, name the pathway the CSF will take (10 steps) Valley pg 94

A
  1. Choroid plexus
  2. Lateral ventricles
  3. Foramen of Munro
  4. Third Ventricle
  5. Aqueduct of Sylvius
  6. Fourth ventricle
  7. Foramen of Lushka and Magendie
  8. Subarachnoid space of spinal cord
  9. Brain
    10 Arachnoid Villi
50
Q

Abbreviated CSF pathway

A

ventricles –> arachnoid space –> dural sinuses and back to circulation

51
Q

What is the site of formation and site of reabsorption of CSF?

A

Formation - choroid plexus
Reabsorption - Arachnoid Villi

52
Q

What cells line the ventricles and what do they form?

A

Ependymal cells which help form the choroid plexus

53
Q

What membrane covers the surface of the brain?

A

Arachnoid membrane beneath it is the subarachnoid space

54
Q

how is the Pia Mater anchored to the brain?

A

with astrocytes - wraps it like Saran Wrap

55
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

56
Q

where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain?

A

Between the arachnoid and pia mater. Filled with CSF, contains collagen/elastin fiber network and spiderweb-like arachnoid trabeculae

57
Q

What are 2 common sites of intracranial bleeding?

A

Subdural and Subarachnoid spaces

58
Q

Function of CSF

A

Cushion, support, and transport
It is like plasma or interstitial fluid but much more pure

Krista: Neuro (7 decks)

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