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Krista: Neuro > Lecture 3: The Peripheral Nervous System and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 3: The Peripheral Nervous System and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways to categorize the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Motor or sensory
  • General (widespread) or Specialized (local)
  • Somatic (outer tube) or Visceral (inner tube)
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2
Q

What is the sensory receptors of the peripheral nervous system for:

A

-pick up stimuli from inside and outside the body, then initiate impulses in sensory axons

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3
Q

What is the motor endings of the peripheral nervous system for:

A

-the axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate the effectors

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4
Q

What are the group of nerves of the peripheral nervous system made up of:

A

-bundles of peripheral axons

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5
Q

What do mixed nerves contain:

A

-contain both sensory and motor axons

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6
Q

Cranial nerves are purely _______ or purely ______ in function.

A
  • sensory

- motor

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7
Q

What are the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system:

A

-cluster of peripheral neuronal cell bodies

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8
Q

What are the somatic sensors:

A
  • touch
  • pain
  • pressure
  • vibration
  • temperature
  • proprioception in the skind, body wall, and limbs
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9
Q

What are the special somatic sensory:

A
  • hearing
  • equilibrium
  • vision
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10
Q

What are the visceral sensory:

A
  • Stretch
  • pain
  • temperature
  • chemical changes,
  • irritation in viscera, nausea, and hunger
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11
Q

What are the special visceral sensory:

A
  • Taste

- Smell

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12
Q

What is the somatic sensory:

A

GENERAL:

-Motor innervation of all skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Where do motor axons innervate skeletal muscle fibers at neuromuscular junction:

A

-motor end plates

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14
Q

What is noriepinephrine breakdown is done by:

A

-MOA

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15
Q

A thin layer of connective tissue which wraps around each nerve fiber is:

A

-endoneurium

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16
Q

A loose connective tissue between nerve fibers:

A

epineurium

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17
Q

A connective tissue which wraps around bundles of nerves

A

Perineurium

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18
Q

What SENSORY receptor of the peripheral nervous system detect mechanical deformation of the receptor or of cells adjacent to the receptor:

A

-mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

What SENSORY receptor of the peripheral nervous system detects pain, damage to tissue (physical or chemical)

A

Nociocceptors

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20
Q

What SENSORY receptor of the peripheral nervous system detects light on the retina:

A

Electromagnetic receptors

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21
Q

What SENSORY receptor of the peripheral nervous system detects taste, smell, oxygenation, osmolality:

A

chemoreceptors

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22
Q

Receptor types based on morphology found in the dermis and slowly adapt to change in pressure:

A

Ruffini Endings

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23
Q

Receptor types based on morphology found in hairless portion of skin and highly discriminat tactile receptors:

A

meisner corpuscles

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24
Q

Receptor types based on morphology for vibration is:

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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25
Q

Receptor types based on morphology of encapsulated receptors that perceive muscle stretch:

A

Neuromuscular spindles and neurotendonous organs of golgi

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26
Q

What is the spinal cord artery one on each side, arises from vertebral arteries and extends to cauda equina:

A

-Posterior Spinal artery

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27
Q

What is the spinal cord artery that also arises from vertebral artery, extends to filum terminale:

A

-Anterior spinal artery

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28
Q

The spinal cord artery blood supply is reinforced by intercostals in the thoracic region, and also by lumbar arteries in the lumbar region:

A

-radicular arteries

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29
Q

What spinal cord supplies most of the spinal cord:

A

Anterior spinal artery

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30
Q

T/F: The Cauda equina is also known as the horse’s tail.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

_____ roots sensory fibers arising from cell bodies in _______ root ganglia.

A

-Dorsal
-Dorsal
(Sensory-Afferent-Dorsal)

32
Q

______ roots motor fibers arising from anterior gray coumn of spinal cord.

A

Ventral

Motor-Efferent-Ventral

33
Q

What ventral rami do not form a plexus:

A

Thoracic

34
Q

What is a nerve plexus:

A

-networks of successive ventral rami that exchange fibers (cisscross and redistribute)

35
Q

What nerve roots form the cervical plexus:

A

C1 to C4

36
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate:

A

-muscle and skin of the neck and shoulder

37
Q

What is the phrenic nerve:

A
  • C3 to C5

- Sole motor supply of the diaphragm

38
Q

What is the branchial plexus:

A
  • C5 to T1

- Innervate the upper extremity

39
Q

What are the nerve names that are in the brachial plexus:

A
  • Musculocutaneous (are flexors)
  • Median (anterior forearm muscles and lateral palm)
  • Ulnar (Anteromedial muscles of forearm and medial hand)
  • Axillary (to deltoid and teres minor)
  • Radial (to posterior part of limb)
  • Radial
40
Q

What is the lumbar plexus:

A

-L1 to L4

41
Q

What does the lumbar plexus (L1 to L4) innervate:

A
  • Lies within the psoas major muscle
  • Innervates anterior and medial muscles of thigh through femoral and obturator nerves respectively
  • Femoral nerve also innervates skin on anterior thigh (includes quads and medial leg)
42
Q

What is the sacral plexus:

A
  • L4 to S4

- Supplies muscles and skin of posterior thigh and almost all of the leg

43
Q

The large sacral nerves belongs to what plexus and innervates what:

A
  • Tibial nerve (Most of hamstrings, calf, and sole)
  • Common fibular nerve (muscles of anterior and lateral leg and skin)
  • Other branches supply pelvic girdle (gluteus muscle) and perineum (pudendal nerve)
44
Q

______ tracts are those which travel toward the brrain are sensory.

A

Ascending

45
Q

______ tracts are those which travel away from the brain are motor.

A

Descending

46
Q

Spinothalamic tract tells us the impulse origin from the _____ to the ______ and is it afferent or efferent?

A
  • spine
  • brain
  • afferent
47
Q

Corticospinal tract tells us the impulse origin is from the b_____ to the ______ and is it afferent or efferent?

A
  • brain
  • Spine
  • efferent
48
Q

What fasciculus belong to the dorsal column medial lemniscus: (sensory or motor)

A
  • Gracile fasciculus
  • Cuneate fasiculus

-SENSORY

49
Q

What Fasciculus belong to the Anteriolateral system: (Sensory or Motor)

A
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract
  • Anterior spinothalamic tract

-SENSORY

50
Q

How does the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract run up the spine and to the brain:

A
  1. Spinal Cord
  2. Crosses the medulla
  3. travels to the thalamus via medial lemnisscus (which are large, fast, meylinated nerve fibers)
51
Q

What type of function does the dorsal column medial lemniscus do:

A
  • touch sensation
  • vibration
  • proprioception (stereogensesis)
  • Fine pressure
52
Q

How does the anterolateral system tract run up the spine and to the brain:

A
  1. Dorsal horn of spinal grey mater
  2. Crosses to opposite side of cord
  3. Ascends to the brain stem and thalamus
    (Smaller, slower, myelinated)
53
Q

What function does the anterolateral system serve?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Crude touch
  • Tickle/itch
  • Sexual sensation
54
Q

What function does the lateral spinothalamic tract serve?

A

-pain and temperature

55
Q

What function does the ventral spinothalamic tract serve:

A

-crude touch

56
Q

What function does the fasciculus gracilus and cuneatus (found in the dorsal horn) serve:

A
  • fine touch,
  • proprioception
  • joint sense
57
Q

What function does the spinocerebellar tract serve:

A

-unconscious anesthesia

58
Q

What function does the lateral and ventral corticospinal tract serve:

A

-Voluntary movements

59
Q

The afferent pathways have three neuron paths. What are they:

A
  1. Primary neuron originates in periphery and terminates in spinal cord.
  2. Secondary neurons in spinal cord cross to controalateral side and ascencd (ie anterolateral system whcih is comprised of LSTT & ASTT) to terminate in thalamus.
  3. Third order neurons project to specific cortex in brain
60
Q

The characteristic of defects of an upper motor neuron:

A
  • Spastic paralysis (NO MUSCLE ATROPY)
  • Fasiculation NOT present
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Babinski PRESENT
61
Q

THe characteristic of defects of a lower motor neuron:

A
  • Flaccid paralysis (ATROPHY)
  • Fasiculation PRESENT
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Babinski NOT present
62
Q

The filaments of the olfactory nerve cross the ______ plate or the _______ bone.

A
  • cribriform

- ethmoid

63
Q

Cranial nerve two involves the __ optic nerves that unite to form an optic _____, fibers cross and form an optic tract on either side.

A
  • 2

- chasm

64
Q

T/F: Most fibers of the optic tract terminate on the thalamus, and then relay fibers run to visual cortex on the occipitl lobe.

A

TRUE

65
Q

Cranial nerve III nucleus on the _____ part of midbrain, and extends to run the _________ eye muscle.

A
  • ventral

- external

66
Q

Cranial nerve IV cells are on the _____ and motor to superior ________ muscles of the eye.

A
  • midbrain

- oblique

67
Q

Cranial nerve V called the _______ serve three branches that carry afferent impulses from the skin and mucosa of the head and teeth to cell bodies situated on the _____.

A
  • Trigiminal

- pons

68
Q

What areas do the trigiminal nerve (Cranial nerve V) serve:

A
  • opthalmic
  • maxillary
  • mandibular
  • mastication (small nerve)
69
Q

Cranial nerve VI called the ______ gives motor to the _____ ______ muscle.

A
  • abducen

- lateral rectus

70
Q

Cranial nerve VII called the ______ originate on the lower part of ____ and extend via several branches to muscle of the _____ expression. The cranial nerve VII also give sense to the _____ 2/3 of the tongue

A
  • facial
  • pons
  • facial
  • anterior
71
Q

Cranial nerve VIII called the _____ have two division called the ______ and the _______.

A
  • vestibular
  • vestibular
  • cochlear
72
Q

Cranial nerve IX called the ______ glossopharyngeal has SENSORY fibers from the external ear and post ______ 1/3 of tongue and pharynx. The MOTOR fibers to muscles of the ______.

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • posterior
  • pharynx
73
Q

Cranial nerve X called the ______ has both _____ and ______ fibers. The sensory fibers are many, but the motor fibers are to the ____ and ____ viscera and to the muscles of _______ (pharynx and larynx).

A
  • vagus
  • sensory
  • motor
  • thoracic
  • abd.
  • swallowing
74
Q

Cranial nerve XI called the spinal _______. Motor fiber originate on the _____ cord to the _____ and ________.

A
  • accessory
  • cervical
  • trapezius
  • sternocleidomastoid
75
Q

The spinal accessory (Cranial nerve XI) have part of the fibers originate in the cells of the MEDULLA (______ _______) and eventually join forces with the _____ for abdominal and thoracic viscera.

A
  • nuclei ambiguous

- vagus

76
Q

Cranial nerve XII called the _______ originate at the cell nucleus in _______ to the muscles of the tongue

A
  • hypoglossal

- medulla

77
Q

T/F: The largest of the cranial nerves is the trigeminal nerve or cranial nerve III.

A

FALSE (….cranial nerve V.)

Krista: Neuro (7 decks)

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