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Krista: Neuro > Lecture 2: The peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of:

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of:

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Sensory Division

- Motor Division

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4
Q

What branches off the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Visceral sensory division

- Somatic sensory division

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5
Q

What branches of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Visceral motor division

- Somatic motor division

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6
Q

What branches off the visceral motor division of the peripheral motor division?

A
  • Sympathetic division

- Parasympathetic division

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7
Q

How many paired nerves are there of the peripheral nervous system?

A

-31 pairs

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8
Q

T/F: The sensory nerves are efferent and ventral.

A

FALSE (…..nerves are afferent and dorsal.)

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9
Q

T/F: The moter nerves are efferent and ventral.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there:

A

-12 vertabrae

12 pair of nerves

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11
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there:

A

-5 vertebrae

5 pair of nerves

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12
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there:

A

-5 vertebrae

5 pairs of nerves

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13
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there:

A

7 vertebrae

8 pairs of nerves

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14
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerve(s) are there:

A

1

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15
Q

What is the anatomical difference between the MOTOR pathways of the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM to the skeletal muscle from those of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in CNS (brain or spinal cord)
  • Their axons (sheathed in spinal nerves) extend all the way to their skeletal muscles
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16
Q

What is the anatomical difference between the MOTOR pathways of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM to the skeletal muscle from those of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • 1st = preganglionic neuron (in the brain or cord)
  • 2nd = ganglionic neuron (cell body in ganglion outside CNS)
  • Slower because lightly or unmyelinated
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17
Q

T/F: The autonomic nervous system controls the visceral nervous system.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

The (autonomic) visceral nervous system controls what parts of the bodies homeostasis?

A
  • arterial pressure
  • GI motility and secretion
  • GU motility
  • Sweating and body temperature
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19
Q

What parts of the nervous system activate the (autonomic) visceral nervous system?

A
  • Spinal cord
  • brain stem
  • hypothalamus
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20
Q

T/F: The sympathetic nervous system is cholinergic.

A

FALSE (…system is adrenergic)

  • S ympathetic
  • E piniphrine
  • A drenergic
  • N oriepinephrine
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21
Q

T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system is adrenergic.

A

FALSE (… system is cholinergic)

  • P arasympatic
  • A cetylcholine
  • C holenergic
  • M userinic
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22
Q

The sympathetic is for ________ and increased ________.

A

-mobilization
-metabolism
(fight or flight)

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23
Q

The parasympathetic is for routine _______.

A

-maintenance

rest and digest

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24
Q

T/F: Each sympathetic nerve is composed of __ neurons.

A

-2

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25
Q

The preganglionic sympathetic nerve originate in the _____ gray of spinal cord.

A

-intermediolateral

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26
Q

The postganglionic sympathetic nerve is located in ______ or ______ ganglia.

A
  • paired

- unpaired

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27
Q

Where does the sympathetic stimuli originate from:

A

-T1 to L2

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28
Q

T/F: The sympathetic nervous system leads to every part of the body.

A

TRUE

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29
Q

T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system leads to every part of the body.

A

FALSE

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30
Q

Where does the preganglionic axons exit the spinal cord through (SNS):

A

-Ventral root and enter the spinal NERVE

31
Q

Where does the spinal nerve exit:

A

-communicating ramus

32
Q

From the communicating ramus where does the response go:

A

-Enters sympathetic trunk/chain where postganglionic neurons located

33
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the SNS originate in the region of gray matter in the thoracic and upper lumbar region called the ______ _______.

A
  • lateral

- horn

34
Q

Pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged in ____ patterns.

A

-three

35
Q

What is pattern one of the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system:

A
  1. The preganglionic neuron leaves through the VENTRAL root.
  2. After the ventral and dorsal roots fuse to form the spinal nerve the preganglionic neuron goes to sympathtic ganglia that are connected to one another an run parallel to the spinal comlumn on either side.
  3. The chain of ganglia is the sympathetic chain or sympathetic trunk.
36
Q

The preganglionic neuron of pattern one is ________ and the axons of these form the white ramus or white _______ as they are connected to ganglia.

A
  • myelinated
  • ramus
  • branch
37
Q

The postganglionic of pattern one are _________ and leave the ganglion as the ______ ramus which REJOIN the spinal nerves.

A
  • unmyelinated

- gray

38
Q

What is pattern two of the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system:

A

A group of long PREGANGLIONIC neurons innervate modified POSTGANGLIONIC cells in the adrenal medulla called chromaffin cells.

39
Q

How much epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine are made by the chromaffin cells?

A
  • Epi. = 80%
  • Nori = 20%
  • Dop = small amount :).
40
Q

What is pattern three of the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system:

A
  1. The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in collateral ganglia.
  2. The preganglionic neurons leve the spinal nerve through the white rami but do not synapse with neurons in the sympathetic chain but continue to the collateral ganglia.

(This function allows the sympathetic nervous system to be more localized to a specific target)

41
Q

What is another name for parasympathetic nervous system other than “rest and digest”.

A

-Craniosacral system

42
Q

Where does the Parasympathetic nervous sytem originate from:

A
  • Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

- Lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4

43
Q

The __________ neurons originate in the brain stem or sacral spinal cord and are relatively long. The ________ neurons synapse with _______ neurons in ganglia near the ____ organ or in the wall of the effector organ.

A
  • preganglionic
  • preganglionic
  • postganglionic
  • effector
44
Q

What does cranial nerve three do:

A

-pupils constrict

45
Q

What does cranial nerve 7 do:

A

-tears, nasal mucus, saliva

46
Q

What does cranial nerve 9 do:

A

-parotid salivary gland

47
Q

What does cranial nerve 10 (vagus) do:

A
  • Stimulate digestive glands
  • Increase motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
  • Decreases heart rate
  • Causes bronchial constriction
48
Q

What does the sacral outflow (S2-4) do:

A

-rectum
-bladder
-uterus
-EXTERNAL GENITALIA
(PNS) responsible for erection
(SNS) governs ejaculation

49
Q

The PNS preganglionic fibers pass ________ all the way to the organ to be _______ and _______.

A
  • uninterrupted
  • controlled
  • synapse
50
Q

The PNS postganglionic fibers are located on the ___ of the organ to be _____

A
  • wall

- controlled

51
Q

What are the TWO neurotransmitters used by the peripheral nervous system.

A
  • Acetylcholine

- Norepinephrine

52
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter:

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

What are the neurons called that release acetylcholine.

A

-cholenergic

54
Q

Cholinergic neurons include all _______ neurons of the autonomic nervous system, _______ neurons of the para sympathetic nervous system and some __________ neurons (sweat glands) of the sympathetic nervous system.

A
  • preganglionic
  • postganglionic
  • postganglionic
55
Q

Norepinephrine is released by what neuron:

A

adrenergic

56
Q

T/F: Almost all sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic.

A

TRUE.

57
Q

What are the two cholinergic receptors:

A
  • nicotinic

- Muscarinic

58
Q

T/F: Nicotinic receptors are found on cell bodies and dendrites of _________ and _________ neurons, on __________ cells of the adrenal medulla and on ________ muscle cells.

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • chromaffin
  • skeletal
59
Q

T/F: Nicotinic receptors are associated with depolarization of the postsynaptic cells.

A

TRUE

60
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found on ______ organs of the parasympathetic nervous system. These receptors are coupled to __ proteins and may either be inhibitory or excitatory. Effector organs acted upon include _____ and smooth muscles of the _____ and ______ tract.

A
  • effector
  • G
  • heart
  • pupil
  • digestive
61
Q

What are the adrenergic receptors:

A
  • A1
  • A2
  • B1
  • B2
  • B3
62
Q

Epinephrine or norepinephrine binds to A1 receptors _______ a G protein

A

activates (Gq)

63
Q

Epinephrine or norepinephrine binds to A2 receptors and ______ the G protein.

A

inhibits (Gi)

64
Q

Epinephrine or norepinephrine binds to B receptor and _________ G proteins.

A

-stimulatory (Gs)

65
Q

Alpha receptors tend to be _____.

A

excitatory

66
Q

Beta 1 and Beta 3 tend to be generally ______.

A

excitatory

67
Q

Beta 2 receptors have much more _____ for ______ and produce an _______ response.

A
  • affinity
  • epinephrine
  • inhibitory
68
Q

What is a neuroeffector junction:

A

-synapse between an efferent neuron and its effector organ

69
Q

(Autonomic neuroeffector Junctions) In contrast to typical axon terminals, neurotransmitters are released at _____ along the axon called ________

A
  • swellings

- varicosisties

70
Q

Autonomic neuroeffector junctions caricosisties have what valtage gated channels for action potentials:

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Ca++
71
Q

T/F: The hypothalamus exerts and overriding influence on autonomic functions.

A

TRUE

72
Q

T/F: The hypothalamus receives input form the cerebral cortex and the limbic system which experience emotion.

A

TRUE

73
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system slows down the heart using what craniosacral nerve and receptor:

A
  • Vagus (10)

- M2

Krista: Neuro (7 decks)

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