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Neuro exam 1 - Rivera > Lecture 4: Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the Striatum

A

the Caudate and the Putamen

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2
Q

what is part of the Lenticular nucleus

A

the putamen and the globus pallidus

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3
Q

Basal Ganglia Circuitry

A
  • collection of gray matter nuclei
  • caudate and putamen are seperated by penetrating fibers of the internal capsule but remain together by cellular bridges
    -variety of excitatory and inhibitory connectors utilizing different neurotransmitters
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4
Q

What is the BG involved in?

A

1) motor control
- hyper and hypo kinetic
- eye movement
- Associate function (cognitive)
- limbic

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5
Q

Functions of the Basal Ganglia (BG)

A

1) initiates and integrates behavior and movement
2) integrates executive functions, emotions and motor activity
3) removes unwanted and inappropriate movement
4) plans motor activity
5) associations with attention and time estimation
6) regulated motor habits (functional activities)
7) rewards and motivation

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6
Q

how does the cortex influence the BG

A

directly

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7
Q

How does the BG influence the cortex

A

through the thalamus

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8
Q

How does the BG information get to the spinal cord

A

through the brainstem

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9
Q

where do skilled movements arise from

A

the motor cortex through the corticospinal tracts and brainstem

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10
Q

where do the selection and initiation of motor programs come from

A

the BG to the brainstem and the BG to the thalamus

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11
Q

what are the pathways from the brain stem to the spinal cord?

A

Reticulospinal: maintains tone, balance and posture
Vestibulospinal: positioning of the limbs; supporting posture and maintaining posture

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12
Q

what does the spinal cord do

A

1) central movement pattern generation
2) muscle movement
3) sensory receptors
4) reflexes

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13
Q

How is the cortex connected to the BG

A

though parallel loops that are divided into the motor, associative, and limbic

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14
Q

Dysfunction of the BG leads to

A

movement disfunction (akensia, bradykinesia, and hyperkinesia)

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15
Q

BG inputs to what parts of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex and limbic

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16
Q

BG outputs

A

limbic, thalamus, midbrain

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17
Q

BG neurotransmitters inputs

A

Dopamine and Gluetamate

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18
Q

Pathologies Characterized by non-motor loops (emotional, cognitive, and psychiatic)

A
  • OCD
    -tourettes syndrome
    -ADD
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19
Q

BG is involved in both

A

preparation and execution of movements as while as learning of sequences and habit (implicit learning)

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20
Q

Parkinsons common movement habits

A

1) slow walking
2) small and narrow steps
3) making perceptual decisions

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21
Q

Body movement loop

A

1) cortical input from the motor, premotor, somatosensory cortex
2) Striatum: putamen
3) Pallidum: lateral globus pallidus, internal segment
4) thalamus: ventral lateral and anterior
5) primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor cortex

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22
Q

Oculomotor loop

A

1) input: posterior parietal, prefrontal cortex
2) striatum: body of caudate
3) pallidum: globus pallidus, internal segment; substantia nigra pars reticulata
4) thalamus: mediodorsal and ventral anterior nuclei
5)frontal eye field , supplementary eye field

23
Q

Prefrontal Loop

A

input: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Striatum: anterior caudate
Pallidum: globus pallidus internal segment; substantra nigra pars reticulata
thalamus: mediodorsal and ventrical anterior nuclei
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

24
Q

Limbic loop

A

Input: Amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortex
Striatum: Ventral Striatum
Pallidum: Ventral Pallidum
Thalamus: Mediodorsal nucleus

25
Q

what connection has initiation and selection of motor activities

A

prefrontal cortex

26
Q

what connection influences the motor system

A

limbic (hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cigulate)

27
Q

Direct Pathway

A

GP internus to the thalamus is
inhibitory. Thalamus to the cortex is excitatory (glutamine)
Used to initiate movement

28
Q

indirect pathway

A

Striatum to the Globus pallidus ex. Inhibitory subthalamus to the globus pallidus in. excitatory. GPi to thalamus high action potential inhibitory. Inhibitory from thalamus to cortex.
Used to prevent unwanted movement.

29
Q

what does the substantia nigra compact provide

A

dopamine to neurotransmitter to promote BG function

30
Q

What happens when there is damage to the BG direct pathway

A
  • more inhibitory
    -rigity and bradykinesia
    -parkinsons disease and loss of autonomic movement
31
Q

what happens when there is damage to the BG indirect pathway

A
  • less inhibition
    -chorea and other involuntary movements
    -Huntingtons disease
32
Q

Dystonia definiton

A

abnormal or twisted postions
-generalized focal or unilateral
- focus torticollis
-no exact focal lesion found

33
Q

Chorea definition

A

-Continuous involuntary movement
-jerk or constantly varying quality
-breakdancing
-increases with ambulation

34
Q

Athetosis definition

A
  • writhing, twisting of the limbs face and trunk
    -seen in huntintons, perinatal anoxia, kernicterus
35
Q

Ballistic definition

A

-flinging with large amplitude
- hemiballismus: unilateral flinging contralateral to the lesion of BG
- classic cause in an infarct of the subthalamic nucleus

36
Q

Tics defintion

A

tourettes syndrome
-four times more in girls then boys
-increased in ADHD
- symptoms waxed and wane

37
Q

Tremors definition

A
  • both agonist and antagonist involved
    -bidirectional movement
    -asymmetrical
38
Q

resting tremor

A

positional tremor and intention tremor more concerning and commonly seen in PD

39
Q

Lead pipe rigidity

A

continuous throughout
agonist and antagonist contraction at the same time

40
Q

Cogwheel rigidity

A

ratchet like interruptions as the limb is passively stretched

41
Q

Parkinson’s disease definition

A

loss of dopaminergic production in substantia nigra

42
Q

Parkinsons disease gait

A

festinating slow and shufling hard to initiat, difficulty turning corners or changing directions

43
Q

Parkinsons posture

A

stopped forward

44
Q

parkinsons gait impediments

A

coincide with visual decision making and motor control deficits

45
Q

parkinsons tremors

A

resting tremors

46
Q

where does gait originate from

A

-brainstem and descending to the spinal cord
- mesencephalic locomotor region
-pons and medulla activate the CPGs

47
Q

what does the Mesencephalic Locomotor region control

A

gait and balance

48
Q

what plays a critical role in axial symptoms in PD

A

dysfunction of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

49
Q

what can alleviate locomotor symptoms of patients with PD

A

stimulate deep brain structures to be part of the MLR

50
Q

what takes place in the prefrontal cortex?

A

preplanning

51
Q

what takes place in the premotor cortex

A

preparation of movement

52
Q

what takes place in the BG

A

initiation, selection, memory, emotion

53
Q

what takes place in the primary motor cortex

A

activation

Neuro exam 1 - Rivera (8 decks)

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