Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro exam 1 - Rivera > Lecture 1: applied Neuroscience > Flashcards

Lecture 1: applied Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Principle Roles of the Nervous System?

A

1) cognitive function
2) sensory motor function
3) motivation and emotion
4) regulatory function and homeostasis (autonomic NS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Functional Unit of the NS?

A

the Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a Neuron consist of

A

soma, dendrites, axon, and presynaptic terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

properties of myelin

A

1) able to repopulate
2) makes signals fast
3) increase with aerobic exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synapses

A
  • are a connection between the dendrite of one neuron to a cell body of another neuron
    -grow quickly with motor practice
  • allow motion to become autonomic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Simple reflex

A
  • Provide muscle with a quick stretch
  • The body sends message to the motor system
  • The motor system has a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of Neurons

A

1) Motor Neuron
2) Sensory Neuron
3) Interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor neuron properties

A

cell body, 1 long axon from the brain to the motor unit, motor unit/muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensory neuron properties

A

receptor cell, axon, cell body within the axon, and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interneuron properties

A

cell body, axon and synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The more dendrites means that

A

the more info that is able to be processed and more fine-tuned that signal can be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many synapse does a spinal motor neuron usually have

A

800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gray matter contains

A

cell body (soma ) and groups of cells (nuclei or ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

white matter contains

A

Axons which contain myelin, they are groups of myelin that form pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the brain where is the gray matter located?

A

on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the brain where is the white matter located

A

on the inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the spinal cord where is the gray matter located

A

on the inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the spinal cord where is the white matter located

A

on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fasciculi/ Fasciculus definition

A

White matter pathways or tracts (leminicus, tract, bundle within the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the Commissure

A

the Fasciculi that connects the right and left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleus

A

a group of functionally related nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ganglia

A

group of multiple nerve cells (Lentiform Nucleus or Basal Ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Column or Tracts

A

cerebral cortex and the spinal cord; group of nerve cell bodies and their axons that are all related in function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is perception made

A

in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous system Consist of

A

Autonomic nervous system, peripheral nerves, and cranial nerves (with the exception of CN 11)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest: able to access by deep breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cranial Nerves (with exception of 11)

A

originated from the brain stem and is used to test and see if there are problems with the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Posterior root ganglion (ganglia)

A

a group of nerve cell bodies lying in a peripheral nerve root (it forms a visual knot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Posterior root

A

sensory neuron axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is afferent information

A

sensory info

33
Q

what is efferent information

A

motor info

34
Q

Root or Ramus

A

a peripheral structure with parallel axons

35
Q

Anterior Horn

A

-Where motor info synapse
-Part of the PNS
-Polio makes inflammation at the anterior horn cells.

36
Q

Anterior root is for what kind of neurons

A

motor

37
Q

Spinal nerve is for what kind of neurons

A

sensory and motor

38
Q

what is the pathway of afferent transmission to efferent information traveling

A

1) Afferent transmission
2) posterior root ganglion
3) Posterior root
4) dendrites
5) interneuron
6) Anterior horn
7) anterior root
8) spinal nerve
9) efferent transmission

39
Q

What response does the body have when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated

A

Constrict pupils, stimulate saliva, slow heart beat, constrict airways, stimulate of the stomach, inhibit the release of glucose, stimulate gallbladder, stimulate the activity of intestines, contract bladder, promote erection of genitals

40
Q

What response does the body have when the sympathetic nervous system is activated

A

Dilated pupils, inhibit salivation, increase heartbeat, relax airways, inhibit activity in the stomach, stimulate the release of the gallbladder, inhibit the activity of the intestines, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, relax the bladder, promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction.

41
Q

Glial Cells in general

A

they are brain cells; provide critical support network for neurons. Involved in the pathogenesis of disease: alzheimers and MS

42
Q

Types of Glia Cells

A

Astrocytes: “Star”
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglial Cells

43
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Direct role in signaling
    -Scavengers are clean up crew for the extracellular space
    -nutrition for neurons
    -Involved in memory
  • release neurotransmitters (glutamate)
  • makes up 30-65% of glial cells
44
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-provide myelin in CNS
- provide structural framework

45
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

-produce cerebrospinal fluid waste clearance
- line ventricles and central canal

46
Q

Microglial Cells (10% of brian cells)

A
  • Function as the immune system in the NS
    -Activated in NS disease, infection or injury
  • Dying neurons secrete proteins and attract microglia
47
Q

What is Neuroinflammation mediated by

A

microglia and astrocytes

48
Q

Abnormal glial activity is associated with

A

MS
Parkinsons
Head injury

49
Q

Cells found the in Peripheral Nervous System

A

1) Satellite Cells
2) Schwann Cells

50
Q

Satellite Cells

A

-Surround neuron cell bodies in the ganglia
-Regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

51
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • Surround the axons in the PNS
    -Are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
    -Participate in repair process after injury
52
Q

What is MS

A

when the immune system (bad microglia) attacks the oligodendrocytes

53
Q

Multiple Sclerosis demyelination

A

-Causes a destruction of myelin
-Results in plaques (over time)
-Happens in the CNS
-Good microglia can regenerate oligodendrocyte

54
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

Good microglia : reduces inflammation
Bad microglia: increases inflammation

55
Q

Gyrus (gyri)

A

Contains the cell bodies of the neurons dendrites and synapses

56
Q

Sulcus (sulci)

A

The deeper the grooves the more cortical brain depth

57
Q

The central sulcus

A

Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe and the motor system from the sensory system.

58
Q

The primary motor cortex

A

-In front of the central sulcus
-Is the area at stimulates or causes motor action

59
Q

Premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

A

-This is where motor planning takes place
-In front of the primary motor cortex

60
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

-Right behind (posterior) the central sulcus
-Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body (such as touch, temperature, and pain)

61
Q

Parietal association cortex

A

Sets up the sensory

62
Q

Sylvian/ lateral fissure

A

Divides the temporal lobe

63
Q

Corpus callosum

A

-In the center of the brain and connects the 2 hemispheres
-White matter

64
Q

Betz Cells

A

A type of pyramidal neuron
Multipolar neuron
Connect to their axon and descend to the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract, where they synapse with the anterior horn cells.
Over 50% of betz cells originate from the primary motor cortex
The mortor cortex is divided into six layers of laminal
Betz and pyramidal cells originate mostly from laminal 5 and 6 in gray matter

65
Q

The Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

-Crossing at the cervicomedullary junction (where deputation happens)
-Movement in the left side comes from the right side of the brain

66
Q

The Anterior Corticospinal Tract

A

-Does not cross over and stays unilaterally.
- Allows the UE to lift objects and support the head
-Provides stabilization, posture and power

67
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

-One long axon from the primary motor cortex to anterior horn cell
-Involves the brain and spinal cord or CNS
-Trauma, diseases or infections occurring in these structures are identifies as “upper motor neuron” lesions

68
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

-Involves the AHC (anterior horn cell) and the peripheral nerves
-Injuries , diseases or infection occurring in these areas are identifies as lower motor neuron lesions

69
Q

Motor neuron Pathway

A

Pass through the internal capsule in the cerebral penduncles to the anterior pons, the pyramids of the medulla, and the lateral spinal cord to produce movements and fine movements

70
Q

what percentage of neurons from the lateral corticospinal tract travel ipsilaterally

A

10%

71
Q

Steps of motor system activation

A

-Posterior cortex provides sensory info to the frontal cortex
-Prefrontal cortex plans movements
-Premotor cortex organizes movement sequences
-Motor cortex produces movement.

72
Q

Steps in Voluntary Motor activation

A

-Decision made in the frontal lobe (PF)
-Motor planning areas and command centers (pre motor and vision)
-Motor tract deliver signals to alpha motor neuron (AMNs and M1)
-Alpha motor neuron (AMN) transmit signals directly to skeletal muscles, eliciting contraction of skeletal muscle fibers
-Correction/ feedback of motor activity in cerebellum and the sensory cortex, regulate the activity in descending motor tracts.

73
Q

what are the ways to increase muscle force

A

1) increased firing speed
2) increase the number of motor neurons

74
Q

Motor pools

A

groups of muscles that cluster into discrete neurons, anterior horn cells (AHCs) with a common target muscle cell
- located in the spinal cord
- more pools = more strength

75
Q

what is an S type alpha motor neuron

A

slow, small, and high excitability (first recruited)

76
Q

what is an FR type alpha motor neuron

A

Fatigue Resistant, Big, and average excitability (2nd recruited)

77
Q

what is FF type alpha motor neuron

A

Fast Fatigable, very big, low exitability (3rd recruited)

78
Q

what type of motor unit produces high force and high power?

A

type 2

79
Q

what type of motor unit produce slow force and lower power?

A

type 1

Neuro exam 1 - Rivera (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions