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Neuro exam 1 - Rivera > Lecture 2: receptors and Afferent Pathways of the Somatosensation and Proprioception > Flashcards

Lecture 2: receptors and Afferent Pathways of the Somatosensation and Proprioception Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of Somatosensation and Proprioception

A

Explore, identify, increase feedback, and prevent injury

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2
Q

Cutaneous Sensory Information

A

1) tactile (virbration, proprioception, and kinesthesia)
2) pain
3) temperature

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3
Q

Muscle, CT, or joint sensory information

A

stretching , static and dynamic force, and skin

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4
Q

definition of proprioception

A

awareness of static joint position

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5
Q

definition of kinesthesia

A

awareness of dynamic joint position (across joints)

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6
Q

Sensory perception promotes

A

-Adaptation in posture and movement
-Is planned and reactive
-Sent from the peripheral nerve
- gives us feedback

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7
Q

definition of perception

A

-the awareness of stimuli
-Interprets sensory info into meaningful forms
- is an active and on going process: acting within ones environment (unconscious and fast)

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8
Q

Cutaneous Sensory Receptors

A

1) mechanoreceptors (pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception)
2) thermoreceptors (temperature)
3) nocioceptors (pain)

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9
Q

where are Meissners corpuscles found

A

-in the superficial skin with a greater density at the fingertips
- small receptive fields (2-4 mm)

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10
Q

what do meissners corpuscles respond to

A

1) discriminative touch: 2 - point discrimination
2) Low frequency vibration (30-50 Hz flutter)
3) velocity sensitive (2-40 mm/s)

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11
Q

where are Pacinian Corpuscles found

A

-in the subcutaneous at a higher density in the fingertips
-With a large receptive field (greater then 4mm)

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12
Q

what does Pacinian Corpuscles respond to

A
  • high frequency vibration (100-300 Hz) tickle
  • deep pressure over a large space
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13
Q

where are Merkels discs found?

A
  • in the superficial skin at greater density in the fingertips
    -dermis and hair follicles
    Small receptive field (2-4 mm)
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14
Q

what do Merkels discs respond too

A

-pressure (discriminate shapes and edges)
- touch and form

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15
Q

where are Ruffinis Corpuscles found

A

in the subcutaneous skin with a large receptive field (greater then 4 mm)

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16
Q

what do Ruffini’s corpuscles detect

A

skin stretch: direction and force

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17
Q

intensity and time course of Meissner’s corpuscles

A

rapid

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18
Q

intensity and time course of merkel cells

A

slow

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19
Q

intensity and time course of pacinian corpuscle

A

rapid

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20
Q

intensity and time course of ruffini endings

A

slow

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21
Q

where are Free Nerve endings found?

A

throughout the skin and viscera, epidermis

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22
Q

what do free nerve endings detect?

A

temperature, pain, tickle, and itch

23
Q

pain stimulus purpose

A

-translate potentially damaging stimuli into electrochemical signals
-detects mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli

24
Q

Types of pain

A

1) nociceptive pain
2) neuropathic pain

25
Q

nociceptive pain

A

results from activation of pain receptors in the body due to tissue injury/inflammation (normal response). Usually has a localized area and stops after palpation

26
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

direct injury to neural tissue, typically results in a burning sensation, radiating, following peripheral nerve (something is wrong with the nerve)
worse pain at rest

27
Q

what are pain receptors at the skin capable of transmitting

A

precise information such as where an injury is located and characterize the sensation such as sharp, dull, pressure, temperature

28
Q

Nociceptor types

A
  • free nerve endings (delta)
  • Unmyelinated C fibers
29
Q

Free nerve endings (delta)

A
  • carry sharp, stabbing, pricking pain or cold
  • has a high threshold the results in immediate pain
30
Q

Unyelinated C fibers

A

-C afferent fibers (slower)
-Carry dull ache pain
-Free nerve endings
-Activation threshold is higher
-Polymodal pain (receptors
chemical , heat, mechanical, hypoxia)

31
Q

alpha axons

A

-Alpha motor neuron
-fastest and most myelinated
-Pain and temperature

32
Q

Beta axons

A

-Sensory neuron
-2nd fastest
-Include pacinian, ruffini, meissner, and merkel

33
Q

Delta axons

A

3rd fastest
Lightly myelinated

34
Q

C fibers

A

The slowest
Unmylinated
pain

35
Q

what is the muscle spindle

A
  • a sensory proprioceptor within the muscle belly
  • Intrafusal muscle spindle connects with the extrafusal muscle
  • relays efferent information to the muscle
  • contractile at both ends
36
Q

what does the muscle spindle determine

A

-the muscle length and speed.
-Sends info to the cerebellum to calculate joint motion and movement

37
Q

what does the cerebellum house

A

motor memory

38
Q

what does the gamma do in the muscle spindle

A

identifies the efferent nerve that travels from the CNS to the muscle spindle. confirming the movement

39
Q

how to assess the muscle spindle

A

by doing a tendon reflex

40
Q

the tendon reflex steps

A

1) stimulus is activated
2) receptor muscle spindle detects the stretch
3) Afferent neuron 1 A sends the information to the spinal cord
4) spinal cord synapses with interneurons
5) Two motor neurons are activated (one to excite the agonist and one to inhibit the antagonist)

41
Q

what motor action does not use an interneuron in the reflex

A

the excitatory neuron

42
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

provides Force production feedback
autogentic inhibition

43
Q

Order neurons of sensory pathways

A

the delivery of sensory info from the periphery to the cortex

44
Q

From Stimulus to Cortex pathway of afferent

A

1) PNS- dorsal root ganglion (1st order)
2) Spinal cord (2nd order)
3) thalamus relay (3rd order)
to the cortex

45
Q

what are the two major sensory pathways

A

the anterolateral pathway and the posterior (dorsal) columns

46
Q

what sensory information uses the anterolateral pathway?

A

pain, temperature, and crude touch

47
Q

where does decussation of the anterolateral pathway occur

A

spinal cord

48
Q

what sensory information used the Posterior (dorsal columns)

A

vibration, joint position, fine touch

49
Q

where does decussation of the Posterior Dorsal columns occur

A

medulla

50
Q

what are the three pathways of the Anterolateral pathways

A

1) spinothalamic
2) mesencephalic
3) spinoreticular

51
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  • sensory relay center
    -sensory integration
    -influences voluntary movements
    -influences limbic system and memory
    -vision: visual grasp
    -recognition of pain and temperature
52
Q

what does the medial lemniscal pathway (posterior columns) carry

A

proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors

53
Q

what does through the Nucleus Gracilis in the posterior (dorsal) column/ Medial Lemniscal Pathway

A

lower body pathway

54
Q

what goes through the Nucleus Cuneatus in the posteior (dorsal) column/ Medial Lemniscal Pathway?

A

Pathways from the upper body

Neuro exam 1 - Rivera (8 decks)

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