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Motor Learning & Development > Lecture 4 - Attention & Performance > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Attention & Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A
  • A resource (or pool of resources) that is available that can be used for various purposes
  • The ways in which attentional resources are allocated define how we use attention
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2
Q

What is limitations in stimulus identification?

A
  • some sensory information can be processed in parallel & without interference
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3
Q

What are 4 limitations in stimulus identification?

A
  • strop effect
  • cocktail-party effect
  • inattentional blindness
  • sustained attention
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4
Q

How does the stroop effect limit stimulus identification?

A
  • Different aspects of the visual display, name the colours of printed word colours
  • it requires more time to name the colours when there is a conflicting relationship due to the competition between the name of font colour and the name of the word in the list
  • Performance is slowed because the 2 stimuli will compete for different responses
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5
Q

How does the cocktail-part effect limit stimulus identification?

A
  • different auditory information
  • illustrates that even some unattended features of sensory processing are processed in parallel with other attended information in the early stages of sensory processing
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6
Q

How does inattentional blindness limit stimulus identification?

A
  • We can miss seemingly obvious features in our environment when we are engaged in a goal-directed, attentive visual search
  • A number of automobile accidents seem linked to this phenomenon (e.g., “looked-but-failed-to-see” accidents)
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7
Q

How does sustained attention limit stimulus identification ?

A
  • After a period of time, the task of concentrating on a single target of our attention becomes progressively more difficult
  • Motivation, arousal, fatigue, and environmental factors affect vigilance
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8
Q

What are 3 factors in limitations in response selection ?

A
  • controlled processing
  • automatic processing
  • distracted driving
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9
Q

How does controlled processing limit response selection?

A
  • Slow, attention demanding, serially organized, and volitional
  • Effortful & a large part of conscious information-processing activities
  • Performing two information-processing tasks together can disrupt one or both tasks
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10
Q

How does automatic processing limit response selection?

A
  • Fast, not attention demanding, Does not generate much interference with other tasks
  • Organized in parallel, Involuntary & often unavoidable, The result of a lot of practice
  • effective when the environment is stable & predictable
  • Can lead to terrible errors when the environment changes suddenly
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11
Q

How does distracted driving limit response selection?

A
  • Hands-free versus manual handling of a cell phone
  • Assumption: hand operation of a cell phone interferes with the operation of a motor vehicle (movement programming limitation)
  • Actual source of the problem lies in the capacity demanded by the phone conversation
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12
Q

What are 3 limitations in movement programming?

A
  • psychological refractory period (PRP)
  • double stimulation paradigm
  • the probe-task technique
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13
Q

How does the psychological refractory period limit movement programming?

A
  • The motor system processes the first of two closely spaced stimuli & generates the first response
  • If the second stimulus is presented during processing of the first stimulus & its response, the onset of the second response can be delayed
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14
Q

How does the double stimulation paradigm limit movement programming?

A
  • The participant is required to respond, with separate responses, to each of two stimuli presented very closely together in time
  • Delays in responding occur because of the interference in programming the first and second movements as rapidly as possible
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15
Q

How does the probe-task technique limit movement programming?

A
  • The participant performs the primary task
  • the attention demanded in the main task is probed by presenting a secondary task
  • Use the RT to the probe as a measure of the attention demanded by the primary task
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16
Q

What is internal focus?

A
  • Concentrate on production of movement
17
Q

What is external focus?

A
  • Concentrate on the effect the movement has on the environment
  • In almost all situations, an external focus results in more skilled performance than an internal focus of attention
18
Q

What is the Ille et al internal vs external focus study?

A
  • based off of sprint start
  • participants instructed to think about the motions of the arms & legs during sprint start (internal focus)
  • told to cross finish line as fast as they could (external focus)
19
Q

What is the Sherwood et al internal vs external focus study?

A
  • focused on dart throwing
  • participants made a performance assessment after each throw, with specific nature of assessment designed for internal or external focus
  • post throw judgements of elbow position induced an internal focus, judgements of final dart position to the target induced an external focus
20
Q

What is the constrained action hypothesis by Wulf?

A
  • Internal focus: conscious moment to moment type of movement control is typical of less-skilled performance
  • external focus: automated type of movement control is a typical skilled performance
21
Q

What is choking?

A
  • Often occurs when there is a change in one’s focus from a more automatic & external focus to a more internal focus such as how to perform the movement
22
Q

What is ironic effects?

A
  • A specific type of choking
  • Trying hard not to do something often results in doing that very thing
  • Influence of negative thought on motor control are considered to be the end-result of a specific internal focus of attention
23
Q

What is the inverted u principle ?

A
  • represents a view of the relationship between arousal & performance
  • Increasing the arousal level generally enhances performance, but only to a point
  • Arousal is the level of excitement produced under stress, performance peaks, then deteriorates
24
Q

What is hypervigilance?

A
  • During heightened state of panic, normal modes of information processing can cease to operate
  • i.e., unintended acceleration in a car
25
Q

What is perceptual narrowing?

A
  • also known as tunnel vision
  • The tendency for the perceptual field to shrink under stress with high arousal
  • allows the person to devote more attention to stimuli that are immediately most likely & relevant

Motor Learning & Development (5 decks)

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