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Geo of Tourism > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How did tourism as a concept arise ?

A

after people had already been travelling for pleasure for some time of course.

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2
Q

What came earlier, tours or tourism?

A

The word ‘tourist’ appeared earlier than ‘tourism’.

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3
Q

What do we agree modern tourism stated with?

A

Theorists mainly agree that the period of modern tourism first began with Thomas Cook’s first organized journey in 1841.

The World Tourism Organization used this date when deciding on 1991 as the “150th anniversary of world tourism”.
• Relatively new phenomenon
• Organization fundemental to tourism

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4
Q

What does Vukonic think about the grand tour?

A

Many see the Grand Tour (discussed last week) as the beginning of tourism. Vukonić disagrees with this, seeing the Grand Tour as “only one of the phases in which phenomena similar to tourism started to appear”. …let’s review the idea though.

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5
Q

What is the grand tour?

A

“Historically, Paris was an important part of the Grand Tour that flourished between the late 17th and early 19th century, when young upper-class men used to travel across Europe for more or less educational purposes.”

…in their early 20s, (mainly) British men would embark on an arts and cultural tour of Europe that could last months or even years.
(this happened in the mid 1600s to mid 1800s)

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6
Q

What did Vukonic make distinctions between?

A

draw a distinction between related phenomena, and tourism itself.
As such, we’ll look at this in two parts:
• Part 1: Phenomena similar to tourism;
• Part 2: The unique tourism phenomenon

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7
Q

What are all reviews?

A

Any review such as this is always subjective.

any review should be honest – there is no way to truly cover all of the important contributions to tourism, especially in recent decades with…
“several thousand titles published
every calendar year worldwide”

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8
Q

What is Part:1, the phenomena similar to tourism?

A

This could be considered, for the sake of this course, as the period that preceded modern tourism;
‘Travel’ and ‘tourism’ are of course related…
…since tourism cannot happen without travel!
• Not all travel is tourism

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9
Q

Where can we find evidence that writers discussed travel?

A 
Some writers discuss travel…
	○ in ancient Egypt;
	○ in Greece;
	○ in the Roman Empire;
	○ in the Middle Ages;
BUT this conflates the ‘traveller’ with the ‘tourist’.
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10
Q

What are we assuming from the older perspectives of travel?

A

from the perspective of this course travel in these and other earlier historic times and places does not have the character of tourism.

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11
Q

What did travellers move for back then?

A

Travellers often moved for scientific or cultural impulses

-but these were explorers, not tourists in the way that we will come to see them

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12
Q

Who is Thomas munn?

A

• Thomas Munn (1571-1641) – a mercantilist;
Munn wrote of “the expenses of travellers” as a form of service.
…but the size and significance of this travel had not yet moved into the realm of tourism.
In the seventeenth century we encounter: the grand tour

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13
Q

Who supported that thee grand tour is the start of tourism?

A

Some make the thesis that this is the beginning of tourism… big names such as John Locke (1632-1704) are mentioned, lending credibility (e.g. “Dialogues on the Use of Foreign Travel”).
…but again, the size and significance of this travel did not yet equal ‘tourism’.

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14
Q

How did romanticism influence tourism?

A

“Travel was then undertaken by writers, poets, philosophers, painters and so on. Still from today’s perspective on the emergence of tourism… (these travellers)
…cannot be considered primarily as tourists.”
…their motives for travel were different.
• Not just looking at white upper class from birtan, startingto see diffeent kinds of people, still privileged but the motives were different

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15
Q

What do we think modern tourism involves ?

A

tourism, which requires this environment to be organised for a specific purpose and for mass visits of a certain size and duration”

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16
Q

How does free time factors affect tourism?

A
  • Workers’ unions fought for the 8 hour day post WWI (previously 14-16 hours);
    • Wasn’t a lot of tieme for leasure and travel
  • Paid overtime and holidays (around WWII);
    • Gave us blocks of free time

France was the leader in this.
Finally, tourism begins to take hold…
…causing changes in the places that were visited by tourists.
• The phenomenon of Tourism is changing the places that are visited
This prompted the first analysis of the consequences of these visits.

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17
Q

What is part 2: theoretical works on tourism?

A

Work began at the regional level…
• Austria, Switzerland and Italy were early statistical leaders in tourist traffic.
• Early works looked at a regional perspective as such
• Not yet studied as a general phenomenon, which Vukonić refers to as “somewhat absurd”.

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18
Q

What are the 2 important meetings during this time in the early theoretical works on tourism?

A

• Concerning the promotion of tourism in the Alpine regions of Austria (1884);

• First congress for the promotion of tourism in Alpine regions of Austria (1894).
Many new ideas discussed in the related material:
- Promotion of tourism in both these meetings.s
- To bring in people, how they are presenting themselves

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19
Q

What were the many new ideas discussed in the related material in part2?

A

Tourism adding value to natural resources

Tourism stimulating economics in underdeveloped regions;

Tourism as an export;

Tourism taxes and fees;

Impacts of pricing on tourism traffic;

Seasonal issues;

The need for statistics (etc.)

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20
Q

What is Tourism adding value to natural resources?

A

Economic value and resource whne tourism became involved. Was promoted ass toursit destination. Local people could take advanatage of people coming to see with tours hotels eetc.

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21
Q

What is Tourism stimulating economics in underdeveloped regions?

A

Like mayan riviera, tourism as a buisness replaceing origianl uses of the area such as farming with resorts, shifting how people can make money

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22
Q

What is Tourism as an export?

A

Can go to a place and bring them back?

Spain can go to england and bring people back to resorts specifically catering to that guess

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23
Q

What is • Tourism taxes and fees?

A
  • Have an advantage if you have a lto of tourits, can tax differently in tourist differences
  • Reliving tax strain on local community
24
Q

What is Impacts of pricing on tourism traffic;?

A

High quality but expensive, or more modest and less expensive (2 ways to market your place)

Bring people in larger numbers and places compete on price

25
Q

What are Seasonal issues?

A

Snow and not really wanting to visit in the winter

Down south gets really hot in summers, so we go down in the winter cause its cold here and moderate there

26
Q

What is • The need for statistics (etc.)?

A

• All have to do with pricing, where, how much thye are spending etc

27
Q

What was the most common tourist destination in the 1900-1910?

A

authors began to look at the role and effects of the spa, at the time the most common destination for tourists in central Europe.
• Spa most common places to go
• Take advantage of natural features, and build spa next to it to take advantage

28
Q

What impact did the car have on tourism?

A

Among these was Auscher (1916) who also considered a bizarre novelty at the time: the potential impact of the car on tourism.
• Travel was very expensive before the car, and it was a novelty and not may people had them
• More and moroe average people ocould afford cars, allowed them to travel further from their home

29
Q

What brought tourism back then to a complete stop?

A

WW1

30
Q

What happened after WW1?

A

Following the war, there was a renewed desire to live life fully, freer and happier. This partly contributed to the growth of tourism.
Certain tourist areas were transformed into target destinations (economically motivated).
• Covid 19 making tourism come to a hault, but a reenewed desire after when this ends. People will have missed it

31
Q

Who wrote the first economic work on tourism theory?

A

Tabacchi wrote the first economic work on tourism theory…
“Tourismo ed Economia” (Tabacchi 1934)
A first, it summarized tourism’s full role in the national economy (Italy).
Authors such as Troisi (1940) started to develop the first theories to explain tourism revenue.
• Developed economic theories for revenue
• Englad puplished work later in the years, wasn’t the first

32
Q

Who was late to the tourism game?

A

Although England is associated with some of the earliest forms of organised tourism…
…theoretically they were later to the game.
Between the wars they began to publish works that were since considered essential reading

33
Q

Who wrote the first comprehensive systematic works on tourism,?

A

Troisi, Hunziker and Krapf (all 1940) wrote the first comprehensive systematic works on tourism…
…the first time that the influence of tourism on the national economy was conclusively proven.

34
Q

What happened post WW2?

A

• Rapid growth in tourism;
• Increasing levels of research; starting in europe and moving out from there
• First international association of tourism theorists emerges (AIEST – Association internationale des experts du tourisme);
-Tourism companies emerge as a topic. Looking at tourism more and more as an industry

35
Q

What were the new topics at after the war?

A

• The tourism phenomenon itself;

Regional differences in the study emerged:

36
Q

What is the AIEST definition of tourism?

A

“We understand by tourism the sum of the relationships and phenomena arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity”

• Tourist generally are noon residents, youo cant go looking to live there vcause then you are an immigrant, and you cant go there to earn income
37
Q

What are the regional difference in France?

A
  • Looked at regional development;
    • Needed to enhance the coast post-war losses;
    • Involved experts in geography, and took that perspective; when they stared to be heavily involved in tourism
    • Later, mountain regions and spas (still regional).
38
Q

What are the regional difference in Germany ?

A

• Micro and Macroeconomic problems; applied these theories to tourism
• A previous interest area, applied to tourism;
• Tourism economics;
The economics of tourism companies.

39
Q

What are the regional difference in Italy?

A
  • Influence began to wane as other centres emerged;
    • Fewer influential authors; coming out of hereer post WW2
    • Topics included tourism marketing and regional development. Wanted people to come

Had issues with regions that needed to promote.

40
Q

What are the regional difference in England?

A
  • Founded a higher education institute in Guilford (near London);
    • Interested in wide, general topics;
    • Produced many important authors and books on general and specific tourism topics with a great deal of variety.

Place in europe that looked at the educaiton of people in toursim

41
Q

What are the regional differences in Austria?

A
  • Similarly interested in wide, general topics;
    • Authors with specific areas of specialization emerged.

1960s saw the first major works of: late to the game but heavy hitters

42
Q

What did American authors contribute?

A
  • Discussed tourism’s multiplier effects (esp on foreign tourism spending) (e.g. Lickorish and Kershaw 1958, Clement 1961);
    • Much debated theory by Clement 1961;

Focus of debate, esp by the Americans, was on the math behind the model.

43
Q

During the 60-70s what new topics emerged

A

• Tourism demand and forecasting methods;
• Large scale production of consumer goods led to an interest in marketing, both as a theoretical and practical topic;
• Middleton (1979) opened up a conversation about “the tourism product” (related to this interest in marketing).
-Whe. Looking at somehting as a product you need to market it as asuch

44
Q

What was the practical tourism project?

A

In the 70s, a massive, practical tourism project – Languedoc Roussillon (a program of French tourism construction) caused the biggest turn in theoretical considerations:
• Biggest tourism project in the world;
• High level of state intervention;
• Novel tourism architectural elements;
• Regional planning as a prerequisite for tourism development – ‘where’ matters!
○ State being involved in toursim was a newer idea
○ Novel architectural elements invovled, developing specific elements for tourism
○ Needed planning for tourism as a prerequesite

45
Q

In the 80-90s how did the focus of tourism shift?

A
  • “Sociological and cultural pollution”; as people move into a new area they bring change (economic positvie but cultureal was negatively impacted
    • Environmental protection; started to be concerned about our impact on places, cultural socially and envonomntally
    • Social problems related to tourism; tourist might over number the locals. Take people who had a diverse economy and start to focus them only on the tourism econmy. There iss no back up casuse all their eggs are in on basket. And people have negative thoughts and feeling towards tourims and tourists
    • Some positive… many negative followed…

Criticisms included “Irritating”, “a-cultural”, “adverse impacts on locals and local culture”.

46
Q

What is the pleasure periphery?

A

a tourist belt around industrial areas.
This turned to a ‘global pleasure periphery’ in which places emerged primarily for the rich of the world to relax and intermingle.
• Wealthier nation using poor ones as their playground

47
Q

What are some of the problems that began to gain attention from tourism in developing countries?

A
  • Economic dependence on tourism;
    • Especially upon ‘developed’ countries; reliance on weealthy regions to keep economy going which leads to… down below
    • Exploitation by foreign and local capital interests;
    • Impacts on sociology of the place; impact on people living there, impacts the host community
    • Impacts on the politics of the place. When one industry take sover, it makes it vital that is succeeds , especially if it’s the main form of income in a place and can influence politics
48
Q

What is Tourism operators and what did it emerge?

A

In the 90s the first major work on Tourism Operators emerged:
Notable in England and Germany, where tour operators acting as tour organizers had the greatest impact on national tourism.

49
Q

How did the diversity of interest in tourism branch out?

A 
• Property;
	• Globalization;
	• Quality management;
	• Destination management;
	• Tourism policy;
	• Cultural impacts;
	• Tourism growth;
	• Global competitiveness;
	• Air traffic;
	• Sport tourism; following a team 
Scale of tourism providers/companies. 
Sclae can improve your bottom line
50
Q

What are the less local aspects that have branched from tourism?

A
  • The psychology of travel;
    • Anthropological aspects (e.g. pilgramages);
    • The psychology of tourism consumers; what dirve them to go where they go
    • Religion and tourism; tourism into sacred location and how tourism is changing this
    • Urban tourism; major locaitons only
    • The language of tourism;
    • The relationship of public policy to tourism;
    • Consumer behaviour;
    • Tourism and ecology;
    • Tourism ethics;
    • Control of companies in Tourism.
51
Q

What is the butler model of tourist resort development?

A

The purpose of the Butler Model is to look at the way that tourist resorts, grow and develop. The tourist industry, like all industry, is dynamic and constantly changing. Therefore, the Butler Model is a way of studying tourist resorts and seeing how they change over time and in relation to the changing demands of the tourist industry. These changes can then be compared to the predictions as shown on the model.

52
Q

What are the 5 stages of the butler model?

A

Discovery stage

Growth and development stage

Success Stage

Problem- stagnation stage

Decline or rejuvinaiton

53
Q

What is the discovery stage of the butler model?

A

A settlement is ‘explored’ or ‘discovered’ by a small number of people who later tell others about their experience. In time other people visit and local people seize upon the new economic opportunities provided by these visitors and provide services to meet the needs of these visitors or tourists.

54
Q

What is the growth and development stage of the butler model?

A

More tourists arrive having heard about the place by word of mouth, articles in Travel Supplements in papers such as The Sunday Times, brochures or tourist guides. The extra tourists attracted by the publicity and people willing to visit somewhere new will lead to the building of new hotels, restaurants, shops and services to cater for the influx of people.

55
Q

What is the Success stage of the butler model?

A

As more people visit the resort, the facilities are now fully utilised. At this stage mass tourism replaces what was once the original economic function of the settlement. This may cause some resentment with people in the town who have not benefited from the new industry or from the loss of distinct identity that the settlement held before. It may appear that the local culture is being diminished by a more international and non-unique culture compared to what may have existed before

56
Q

What is the Problem-stagnation stage of the butler model?

A

Popularity may be short lived. People may become bored with the resort once its initial appeal had waned. Little of the original natural environment will remain and negative comments about what it used to be like may lead people to find somewhere new to discover. The effect of falling tourism if a resort goes out of fashion leads to economic decline and the under-utilisation of tourist infrastructure. The eventual closure of some of the businesses will lead to a rise in unemployment.

57
Q

What is the decline or rejuvenation stage of the butler model?

A

The tourist resort then has two options; either go into decline or rejuvenate and develop more sustainable strategies based upon lower visitor numbers.

Geo of Tourism (9 decks)

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