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Pediatric audiology CD 674 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nongenetic factors account for about __% of congenital hearing loss

A

25

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2
Q

✤ Nongenetic factors known to cause congenital HL include:

A

-rubella (German measles)
-cytomegalovirus
-herpes simplex virus
-Prematurity
-Low birth weight
• Birth injuries
• Toxins including drugs and alcohol consumed by the mother during pregnancy
-Maternal diabetes
-Toxemia during pregnancy (preclampsia)
• Lack of oxygen (anoxia)

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3
Q

Prematurity is defined as birth prior to __ weeks

Can be __% more likely than normal term infants to develop HL.

A

37

50%

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4
Q
  1. Preterm birth < __ weeks gestation.

2. very preterm birth __ weeks gestation

A

37
32
42

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5
Q

low Birth Weight (LBW) is

A

5.5
3lb 5 oz
2lb 3 oz

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6
Q

The Apgar Score is a standardized assessment of infants after delivery and has 5 components. what are they?

A
  1. heart rate
  2. respiratory effort
  3. muscle tone
  4. reflexirritability
  5. color
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7
Q

The Apgar Score:

✤ Score of 7-10 is ___
✤ Score of 4, 5, or 6 are _____
✤ Score of 0, 2, or 3 are _____

A
  1. Normal
  2. intermediate
  3. low
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8
Q

True or False?Any disorders of respiration may cause sensorineural hearing loss due to hypoxemia

A

true

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9
Q

_____ ______ are a group of congenitally acquired infections that cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonates
Acquired by the mother and passed either transplacentally or during the birth process

A

TORCH

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10
Q 
TORCH:
T =
O=
R=
C=
H=
A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other bacterial infections;  syphilis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Symplex Virus
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11
Q

Toxoplasmosis:

  1. Causative organism?
  2. Transmission?
  3. symptoms?
  4. Treatment?
A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii
    • Transplacental
      -Fecal-oral route
      -Cat feces
      -Found in
      undercooked meat,
      contaminated water/
      soil, and
      unpasteurized goat
      milk.
  3. Adults typically are asymptomatic
    - Neonates may be asymptotic at birth
    - Visual problems
    - Hearing loss -
    - Neurodevelopmental delay
  4. Pyrimethamine (malarial drug) Sulfadiazine (antibiotic)
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12
Q

Syphilis:

  1. Causative organism?
  2. transmission?
  3. symptoms?
  4. treatment?
A
  1. Treponema palladium
  2. transplacental and sexual activity
  3. Progressive SNHL
    • Vestibular disorders
    • Malformation of the
    teeth and jaw
    • Perforated hard palate
  4. antibiotics for mother during pregnancy. penicillin for infant
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13
Q

Rubella:

  1. Causative organism?
  2. transmission?
  3. symptoms?
  4. treatment?
A
  1. Togavirus
  2. transplacental and respiratory secretions
  3. • Hearingloss
    • Rash
    • Cataracts/Retinopathy
    • Bone disease
    • Heartconditions
    • Psychomotor development
  4. supportive care
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14
Q

Cytomegalovirus:

  1. Causative organism?
  2. transmission?
  3. symptoms?
  4. treatment?
A
  1. herpesvirus 5
  2. -transplacental
    -perinatal
    -contact with bodily fluids
    -transmission is possible through reactivation of latent virus
  3. -Most are asymptomatic at birth
    -Developmental delay
    • Microcephaly
    • Progressive SNHL (10-15%)
    -Postnatal infections are generally asymptomatic.
  4. Antivirals have shown some promise Supportive care
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15
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus

  1. Causative organism?
  2. transmission?
  3. symptoms?
  4. treatment?
A
  1. HSV 1 and 2
  2. perinatal or direct contact with affected areas
    3.
    Fatal in 50% of neonates
    Lesions/rash
    • Organ dysfunction
    • CNS disease (seizures, etc)
    •SNHL
  3. Acylovir
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16
Q

What are the nongenetic hearing loss of the outer ear?

A 
-Cerumen and foreign objects in the ear
skin of neonates is covered by vernix caseosa
- Otitis externa
- Bony growths
     -exostoses &amp; 
      osteoma
17
Q

What are the nongenetic hearing loss of the middle ear?

A
  • Otitis media
  • cholesteatoma
  • mastoiditis
  • tympanosclerosis
18
Q

What are the nongenetic hearing loss of the inner ear?

A

-autoimmune disease
-progressive
bilateral SNHL
-acoustic neuroma
-tumor on CN VIII
-commonly seen in
NF2
-Ototoxicity
-Noise induced HL

19
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • inner ear
  • High frequency notched -SNHL Usually around -4000 Hz
  • Susceptibility varies across individuals
A

Noise induced HL

20
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • inner ear
  • antibiotic intervention (eg. gentamicin)
  • diuretics (eg. furosemide)
  • chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin)
  • bilateral symmetric HF SNHL
A

Ototoxicity

21
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • inner ear
  • tumor on the VIII CN
  • commonly seen in NF2
A

Acoustic neuroma

22
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • inner ear
  • progressive bilateral SNHL
A

Autoimmune disease

23
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • middle ear
  • Calcified scar tissue
  • Related to chronic OM
  • May cause hearing loss
A

Tympanoschlerosis

24
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • middle ear
  • Acute: inflammation of mucosa -Chronic: affects bone structure
  • Treated with antibiotics, but may require surgery in severe cases
A

Mastoiditis

25
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • middle ear
  • symptoms include a foul smelling drainage, conductive HL, aural fullness
  • requires surgical intervention
A

Cholesteatoma

26
Q

What type of hearing loss?

  • middle ear
  • inflammation of the middle ear
  • can be seen with or without effusion
A

otitis media

Pediatric audiology CD 674 (6 decks)

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