Lecture 1

Question 1

Approximately _____ new babies with HL are identified every year

Answer 1

12,000

Question 2

Approximately _____-______ infants and children between birth and 3 years old acquire late- onset hearing loss

Answer 2

4,00-6,000

Question 3

______ is the most common birth defect

Answer 3

HL

Question 4

Infants who spend time in the care nursery during the newborn period are at higher risk for _____

Answer 4

HL

Question 5

92% of children with permanent HL are born to 2 parents who have permanent HL, 1 parent with permanent HL, or to 2 hearing parents.

Answer 5

2 hearing parents

Question 6

____ _____ is the most common infectious disease of childhood, and is the most common cause of hearing loss,

Answer 6

Ear infections

Question 7

An estimated __% of very young children’s knowledge is attributed to “_____ _____” of sounds around them

Answer 7

90; incidental reception

Question 8

Approximately 3-5 children in ____ are born with congenital, significant, permanent, bilateral hearing loss. And an additional __ in ___children will acquire deafness in childhood

Answer 8

1000

3 in 1000

Question 9

How many infants are born each day with hearing loss?

Answer 9

33

Question 10

In 1993 fewer than __% of infants were screened for HL prior to leaving the hospital. In 2010, the number increased to more than __%

Answer 10

5%; 98%

Question 11

What is the goal of Early Hearing Detection & Intervention (EHDI)

Answer 11

To maximize linguistic competence and literacy development for children who are deaf or hard of hearing

Question 12

What is the importance of Early Hearing Detection & Intervention (EHDI)?

Answer 12

Until the 1990s, children with permanent HL were not identified until 2 1/2 to 3 years old. Now, they are identified at 2-3 months of age.

Question 13

If HL which is not adequately diagnosed and treated affect what areas of development?

Answer 13

1. speech
2. language
   3, academics
3. emotional
4. psycho social

Question 14

True or false? Children with HL have to repeat a grade more often than their peers

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or False? Children with HL have feelings of isolation and frustration.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The Holistic Approach: To be an effective pediatric care provider, one need to think about children holistically. This includes what considerations?

Answer 16

1. degree, type, and configuration of HL
2. language
3. speech
4. cognitive factors
5. genetics
6. family environment
7. developmental changes

Question 17

Outer ear anatomy includes?

Answer 17

Auricle (aka pinna)

External auditory meatus (aka ear canal)

Question 18

Physiology of the outer - what does?

Answer 18

• collects and resonates sound
• protection of the middle ear
• assists in sound localization
• amplifies high frequencies

Question 19

Outer ear hearing loss is what type of HL?

Answer 19

Conductive HL

• otitis externa
• impacted cerumen
• aural atresia
• foreign object in the EAC

Question 20

What is an otoscopy?

Answer 20

An instrument used to look into the ear

Question 21

_____ is a concave disk-like structure that is the border between the outer and middle ear and is made up of three layers: outer surface, fibrous surface, and inner surface

Answer 21

Tympanic membrane

Question 22

What is the middle ear filled with?

Answer 22

air

Question 23

Middle ear anatomy: what does the ME consist of?

Answer 23

1. Ossicles: ear bones; smallest bones in the human body
2. Eustachian tube
3. Ligaments
4. Two muscles

Question 24

Middle ear physiology - what does the ME do?

Answer 24

- Impedance -matching the transfer of   
   energy between air and fluid
-Equalizes pressure between ME cavity 
   and nasopharynx
- Transmits sound from TM to the cochlea
- Applies force to the oval window

Question 25

What are the types of middle ear HL?

Answer 25

• otitis media
• otosclerosis
• cholesteatoma

Question 26

Inner Ear Anatomy consists of what?

Answer 26

• Auditory labyrinth: cochlea
• Vestibular labrynths: semicircular canals
  -Basilar Membrane
  -Organ of Corti (contains sensory cells of
  hearing.

Question 27

Cochlea is the end organ of ______.

Answer 27

-Hearing

Question 28

Inner Ear Physiology: What does it do?

Answer 28

1. Cochlear wave mechanics
   
   • stapes footplate rocks back and forth
     in oval window, which creates a wave
     within the cochlear fluids that displaces
     the scala media
   • vibration of the oval window
     establishes a wave within the scala
     vestibuli
   • Inward displacement of cochlear fluids
     at oval window matched by outward
     displacement via tound window, which
     communicates directly with the scala
     media.
2. Displacement pattern of basilar membrane
   
   • wave moves from base to apex
   • displacement of basilar membrane
     amplified
3. Fluid motion of traveling wave
   -Generates nonelectrical impulses by
   shearing action of the OHC
   
   • Auditory nerve organized so that each
     characteristic frequency corresponds to
     a place within the nerve bundle
     (tonotopic organization)
4. CN VIII is stimulated by inner hair cells

Question 29

Inner Ear Hearing loss: type and causes?

Answer 29

Sensorineural HL

Causes: presbycusis, noise exposure, and ototoxic medications

Question 30

How sound travels through the ear - name the energy for each.
Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, and auditory nerve.

Answer 30

Outer ear- acoustic energy
Middle ear- mechanical energy
Inner ear- electro-chemical energy
Auditory nerve- electrical energy

Question 31

True or False?

HL can result in delays in development of receptive and expressive language

Answer 31

True

Question 32

JCIH is here for what 2 things?

Answer 32

1. early detection

2. early intervention

Question 33

What are the consequences of delaying hearing loss identification?

Answer 33

children won’t have appropriate opportunities to learn language. They will fall behind their peers in communication, cognition, reading and social-emotional development

Question 34

An estimated ___ ______ school days are missed each year due to otitis media

Answer 34

5 million