lecture 4

Question 1

is branching tree a good metaphor for evolution?

Answer 1

kind of

Question 2

why branching tree is good?

Answer 2

• No central trunk
• No directionality
• branches not uniforme equal

Question 3

how are determined the relationship in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 3

Classification based on common evolutionary descent

Question 4

can organism share a character and yet not ne evolutionary related?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

Two types of shared characters?

Answer 5

• Homology

- Homoplasy

Question 6

homology

Answer 6

character similarity resulting from common

ancestry

Question 7

Homoplasy

Answer 7

non-homologous similarities that may be

found in various organisms (evolved separately)

Question 8

goal of systematics

Answer 8

infer the evolutionary tree (phylogeny) that relates

all extant and extinct species

Question 9

what is systematics exactly?

Answer 9

grouping organisms based on a set of rules (or system).

Question 10

how is it accomplished?

Answer 10

by comparing characters

Question 11

which Characters?

Answer 11

morphological,chromosomal,molecular

Question 12

can behavioural and ecological featyres also used?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

Analysis of ancestral and derived characters used to

construct a

Answer 13

cladogram

Question 14

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 14

branching diagram showing the inferred

evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Question 15

Cladogram:

Answer 15

diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary

relationships between organisms

Question 16

Clade

Answer 16

unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral

lineage and all descendents

Question 17

Character:

Answer 17

organismal feature that varies between species

Question 18

Ancestral character

Answer 18

character state present in the common

ancestor

Question 19

Derived character

Answer 19

all other variant forms of the character that arose

later within the group

Question 20

types of clade

Answer 20

• Monophyletic clade
• Paraphyletic clade
• Polyphyletic clade

Question 21

Monophyletic clade

Answer 21

includes the most
recent common ancestor and all descendants
of that ancestor

Question 22

paraphyletic clade:

Answer 22

includes the most recent
common ancestor and some but not all
descendants of that ancestor

Question 23

polyphyletic clade:

Answer 23

does not include the most
recent common ancestor of all members of a
group. i.e. the group has at least two separate
evoutionary origins

Question 24

what’s the big problem of that analogy?

Answer 24

aren’t considering sexual reproduction ( no paternal line)

Question 25

old version of the three of life

Answer 25

hierarchical system of classification based on linnaean taxonomy

Question 26

what is it the old version?

Answer 26

life-domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-Genus-Species

Question 27

a trick to remember?

Answer 27

Do kangoroos prefer cake or frosting generally speaking?

Question 28

are intermediate taxas also possible?

Answer 28

yes, but they are not shown

Question 29

each specie is classified according to?

Answer 29

nested rank of taxa

Question 30

Taxonomy

Answer 30

Study of the principles of scientific classification; | systematic ordering and naming of organisms.

Question 31

Who governs taxonomy?

Answer 31

nobody

Question 32

how do we classify organisms?

Answer 32

lots of ways

Question 33

fundamental way that we classify | organisms is

Answer 33

based on evolutionary relationships

Question 34

Linneaus is?

Answer 34

the father of taxonomy

Question 35

First unified system for naming all plants and animals is?

Answer 35

Systema Naturae

Question 36

the systema naturae was based on?

Answer 36

shared characters among organisms

Question 37

what doesn't it consider the systema naturae?

Answer 37

Doesn’t consider evolution (predates evolutionary biology)

Question 38

what is the primary focus of this class ?

Answer 38

phylum level

Question 39

major divisions of life: Three domains

Answer 39

bacteria,archea,eukaryota

Question 40

what are the kingdoms?

Answer 40

- Animalia(Metazoa) - Plantae - Fungi - Protista - Bacteria - Archea

Question 41

Which kingdoms are also domains?

Answer 41

Bacteria-Archea

Question 42

problems with modern taxonomy ?

Answer 42

- not governed by any international boy - Skewed towards pedagogical convenience rather than a true reflection of phylogeny - Hierarchical ranks are difficult and outdated

Question 43

why outdated?

Answer 43

- Eukaryotes are over-represented | - if we strictly followed phylogeny we would have an unpalatable number of kingdoms

Question 44

Systematics

Answer 44

Science of classification of organisms based on | common evolutionary descent (or phylogenetics

Question 45

cladistics

Answer 45

One approach to systematics ( une des branches de systematics)

Question 46

cladistics is a way?

Answer 46

of arranging taxa by analysis of evolutionary derived characteristics so that the arrangement reflects phylogenetic relationships

Question 47

Phylogeny:

Answer 47

The evolutionary history of the origin and diversification of any taxon, usually presented in the form of a dendrogram. The one true tree of life.