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organisms > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

is branching tree a good metaphor for evolution?

A

kind of

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2
Q

why branching tree is good?

A
  • No central trunk
  • No directionality
  • branches not uniforme equal
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3
Q

how are determined the relationship in a phylogenetic tree?

A

Classification based on common evolutionary descent

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4
Q

can organism share a character and yet not ne evolutionary related?

A

yes

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5
Q

Two types of shared characters?

A
  • Homology

- Homoplasy

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6
Q

homology

A

character similarity resulting from common

ancestry

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7
Q

Homoplasy

A

non-homologous similarities that may be

found in various organisms (evolved separately)

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8
Q

goal of systematics

A

infer the evolutionary tree (phylogeny) that relates

all extant and extinct species

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9
Q

what is systematics exactly?

A

grouping organisms based on a set of rules (or system).

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10
Q

how is it accomplished?

A

by comparing characters

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11
Q

which Characters?

A

morphological,chromosomal,molecular

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12
Q

can behavioural and ecological featyres also used?

A

yes

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13
Q

Analysis of ancestral and derived characters used to

construct a

A

cladogram

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14
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

branching diagram showing the inferred

evolutionary relationships among various biological species

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15
Q

Cladogram:

A

diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary

relationships between organisms

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16
Q

Clade

A

unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral

lineage and all descendents

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17
Q

Character:

A

organismal feature that varies between species

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18
Q

Ancestral character

A

character state present in the common

ancestor

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19
Q

Derived character

A

all other variant forms of the character that arose

later within the group

20
Q

types of clade

A
  • Monophyletic clade
  • Paraphyletic clade
  • Polyphyletic clade
21
Q

Monophyletic clade

A

includes the most
recent common ancestor and all descendants
of that ancestor

22
Q

paraphyletic clade:

A

includes the most recent
common ancestor and some but not all
descendants of that ancestor

23
Q

polyphyletic clade:

A

does not include the most
recent common ancestor of all members of a
group. i.e. the group has at least two separate
evoutionary origins

24
Q

what’s the big problem of that analogy?

A

aren’t considering sexual reproduction ( no paternal line)

25
Q

old version of the three of life

A

hierarchical system of classification based on linnaean taxonomy

26
Q

what is it the old version?

A

life-domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-Genus-Species

27
Q

a trick to remember?

A

Do kangoroos prefer cake or frosting generally speaking?

28
Q

are intermediate taxas also possible?

A

yes, but they are not shown

29
Q

each specie is classified according to?

A

nested rank of taxa

30
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of the principles of scientific classification;

systematic ordering and naming of organisms.

31
Q

Who governs taxonomy?

A

nobody

32
Q

how do we classify organisms?

A

lots of ways

33
Q

fundamental way that we classify

organisms is

A

based on evolutionary relationships

34
Q

Linneaus is?

A

the father of taxonomy

35
Q

First unified system for naming all plants and animals is?

A

Systema Naturae

36
Q

the systema naturae was based on?

A

shared characters among organisms

37
Q

what doesn’t it consider the systema naturae?

A

Doesn’t consider evolution (predates evolutionary biology)

38
Q

what is the primary focus of this class ?

A

phylum level

39
Q

major divisions of life: Three domains

A

bacteria,archea,eukaryota

40
Q

what are the kingdoms?

A
  • Animalia(Metazoa)
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Bacteria
  • Archea
41
Q

Which kingdoms are also domains?

A

Bacteria-Archea

42
Q

problems with modern taxonomy ?

A
  • not governed by any international boy
  • Skewed towards pedagogical convenience rather than a true reflection of phylogeny
  • Hierarchical ranks are difficult and outdated
43
Q

why outdated?

A
  • Eukaryotes are over-represented

- if we strictly followed phylogeny we would have an unpalatable number of kingdoms

44
Q

Systematics

A

Science of classification of organisms based on

common evolutionary descent (or phylogenetics

45
Q

cladistics

A

One approach to systematics ( une des branches de systematics)

46
Q

cladistics is a way?

A

of arranging taxa by analysis of evolutionary derived
characteristics so that the arrangement reflects phylogenetic
relationships

47
Q

Phylogeny:

A

The evolutionary history of the origin and
diversification of any taxon, usually presented in the form of a
dendrogram. The one true tree of life.

organisms (16 decks)

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