Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the external structures of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

flagella, cilia, capsules and slimes

Question 2

What makes up the boundary of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 3

What are the internal structures of eukaryotic cell?

Answer 3

cytoplasm, nucleus, organells, ribosomoes, cytoskeleton

Question 4

What do flagella and cilia do?

Answer 4

move toward nutrients and positive stimuli and away from harmful substances and stimuli (taxis)

Question 5

What eukaryotic cells have flagella and cilia?

Answer 5

cilia and flagella - protozoa, many algae, and a few fungal and animal cells

Question 6

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

Answer 6

• eukaryotic flagellum is 10x thicker
• covered by an extension of the cell membrane
• a long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
• whipping motion,requires ATP
• May be single or multiple; generally found at one pole of cell

Question 7

What do glycocalyces do?

Answer 7

• Never as organized as prokaryotic capsules
• Helps anchor animal cells adhere to each other
• Strengthens cell surface
• Provides protection against dehydration
• Function in cell-to-cell recognition and communication

Question 8

What cells microbes have a cell wall?

Answer 8

Fungi, algae, and plants have cell walls but no glycocalyx

Question 9

What is the cell wall composed of in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 9

Composed of various polysaccharides

Question 10

What is the cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 10

• Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• sterols for rigidity to prevent lysis
• selectively permeable

Question 11

What does the cytoplasmic membrane perform?

Answer 11

-Perform endocytosis (eating or getting rid of substances)

Question 12

What is the nucleus composed of?

Answer 12

Phospholipid bilayer, nucleoulus, chromatin

Question 13

What occurs in the nucleolus?

Answer 13

rna synthesis

Question 14

What are chromatin?

Answer 14

DNA and histones, DNA packaged as chromatin to be compact and fit in cell, strengthen and protect DNA, allow for cell division, control expression of genes

Question 15

What is ER?

Answer 15

Netlike arrangement of hollow tubules continuous with nuclear envelope

Two forms
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 16

What is RER?

Answer 16

• Extension of outer layer of nuclear envelope
• transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell’s exterior
• ribosomes attached to surface
• proteins synthesized on the RER are transported into the lumen and held for packaging and transport

Question 17

What is SER?

Answer 17

No ribosomes

nutrient processing and storage of molecules i.e. lipids (not proteins)

Question 18

What is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 18

Site of protein modification and shipping
Consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae
closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 19

What is natures assembly line?

Answer 19

A gene from the nucleus is transcribed (transcription) into RNA and moves through the nuclear pores to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes translate (translation) the RNA into proteins, deposited into the lumen and transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging into vesicles

Question 20

What do lysosomes peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicales do?

Answer 20

Store and transfer chemicals within cells

May store nutrients in cell

Question 21

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 21

generate ATP

Question 22

What is the inner membrane of mito called?

Answer 22

cristae

Question 23

Where are chloroplasts found?

Answer 23

algae and plant cells

Question 24

what is the cytoskeleton composed of?

Answer 24

Composed of fibers such as actin, tubulin, intermediate filaments

Question 25

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 25

Anchors organelles, provides shape to cell and allows cell to change its shape (i.e. amoeba – movement, feeding), can be used to move RNA and vesicles in cell

Question 26

What are the 3 forms of fungi?

Answer 26

Unicellular, colonial, and complex/multicellular

Question 27

Who do primary pathogens affect?

Answer 27

anybody, including healthy people

Question 28

Who do opportunistic pathogens affect?

Answer 28

attack persons who are already weakened in some way

Question 29

What is mycoses?

Answer 29

infections caused by fungi

Question 30

What is heterotrophic fungi?

Answer 30

acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates

Question 31

What is saprobic fungi?

Answer 31

obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

Question 32

What is parasitic fungi?

Answer 32

grow on the bodies of living animals or plants, although very few require a living host

Question 33

What does mycelium mean?

Answer 33

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

Question 34

What does septa mean?

Answer 34

cross walls found in most fungi that allow the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments

Question 35

What does non-septate mean?

Answer 35

hyphae consist of one, long, continuous cell

Question 36

What are vegetative hyphae responsible for?

Answer 36

the visible mass of growth

Question 37

Do protozoans need or don’t water?

Answer 37

must have water

Question 38

What is the life cycle of helminths?

Answer 38

Complete life cycle includes the fertilized egg, larval, and adult stages

Adults derive nutrients and reproduce sexually in a host’s body

Nematodes: sexes are separate and different in appearance

Trematodes: sexes can be separate or hermaphroditic

Cestodes: generally hermaphroditic