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Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?

A

lack of nucleus and histones

the makeup of their cell wall

lack of membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

What do all prokaryotic bacterial cells possess?

A

a cell membrane

cytoplasm

ribosomes

a cytoskeleton

one chromosome
May be a few in some prokaryotes

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3
Q

What do most prokaryotic bacterial cells possess?

A

a cell wall

a glycocalyx

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4
Q

What do some prokaryotic bacterial cells possess?

A

flagella, pili, and fimbriae

an outer membrane

plasmids

inclusions

endospores

intracellular membranes

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5
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

when cells of one species vary in shape and size caused by variations of the cell wall structure

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6
Q

What are the 3 bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus (circular), Rod (rectangle with round edges), spiral

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7
Q

What are flagella?

A

used for bacterial movement
360o rotation
Flagellar structure differs between Gram positive and Gram negative cells due to differences in cell wall structure

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8
Q

What are the 4 flagellar arrangements?

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Lophotrichous
  3. Amphitrichous
  4. Peritrichous
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9
Q

What is mono trichous?

A

single flagellum

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10
Q

What is lophotrichous?

A

small bunches or tufts of flagella

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11
Q

What is amphitrichous?

A

flagella at both poles of the cell

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12
Q

What is peritrichous?

A

flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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13
Q

How do bacteria move?

A

in response to chemical signals

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14
Q

What happens when a cell “runs”? (bacterial movement?)

A
  • smooth linear movement toward a stimulus

- positive

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15
Q

What happens when a cell “tumbles”? (bacterial movement?)

A
  • flagellar rotation reverses, causing the cell to stop and change its course
  • negative
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16
Q

What are fimbriae used for??

A

used for attachment

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17
Q

What are pili used for?

A

used for attachment and genetic exchange during

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18
Q

What is glycocaylx?

A

Sticky layer composed of polysaccharides (sugars), proteins or both
Varies in thickness, can be either a slime layer or capsule
Used to avoid phagocytosis, and for adhesion (biofilms)

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19
Q

What is the capsule of a cell?

A

Bound more tightly to the cell, denser and thicker than a slime layer

20
Q

What is the slime layer?

A 
Loosely attached to cell surface
Attachment and prevents drying
Helps trap nutrients near the cell
Formation of biofilms
All bacteria have at least a very thin slime layer
21
Q

Where is the cell envelope?

A

outside of the cytoplasm

22
Q

What is the cell envelope composed of?

A

cell wall

cell membrane

outer membrane in some bacteria

23
Q

What is a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

Repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide (protein) fragments
Present in most bacteria
Provides strength to resist rupturing (lysis) due to osmotic pressure

24
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a gram positive cell?

A

Thick peptidoglycan

Teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid

One membrane involved

25
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a gram negative cell?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by two phospholipid membranes (outer membrane and cell membrane

Lipopolysaccharide and porins in outer membrane

Periplasmic space

26
Q

Where is the only place an outer membrane is found?

A

Gram negative bacteria

27
Q

What is the outer membrane composed of?

A

composed of bilayer of phopholipids inside and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outside
Pores

28
Q

Where is only periplasm found?

A

gram negative bacteria

29
Q

What is periplasm?

A

Extra cellular compartment
Enzymes to break down nutrients
Proteins to bind nutrients for transport

30
Q

Who was the gram stain found by?

A

Hans Christian gram

31
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded
bacterial cell membranes contain primarily phospholipids (30%–40% of the membrane mass) and proteins (60%–70% of the membrane mass)

32
Q

What does the cell membrane provide?

A

Provides a site for reactions

contains enzymes of respiration and ATP synthesis since prokaryotes lack mitochondria

33
Q

What is a major action of the cell membrane?

A

A major action of the cell membrane is to regulate the passage of nutrients into and out of the cell – selectively permeable

34
Q

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

70-80% water

Soluble proteins, salts, carbohydrates

Site of nearly all chemical reactions

Contains the DNA in the nucleoid

35
Q

Is the nucleoid membrane bound?

A

No

36
Q

Where is bacterial DNA found?

A

Nucleiod

37
Q

How does DNA exist in bacteria?

A

DNA of most bacteria exists in the form of a single circular bacterial chromosome

38
Q

What does the prokaryotic ribosome do?

A

Translates mRNA into proteins

39
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Peptidoglycan layer determines shape of many bacteria

40
Q

What genuses are bacterial endospores found in?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

41
Q

Are bacterial endospores highly resistant?

A

yes

42
Q

What are the 4 major divisions of prokaryotic bacteria based on cell wall structure?

A
  1. Gracilicutes
  2. Firmicutes
  3. Tenericutes
  4. Mendosicutes
43
Q

What is gracilicutes?

A

gram-negative cell walls and thus are thin-skinned

44
Q

What are firmicutes?

A

gram-positive cell walls that are thick and strong

45
Q

What are tenericutes?

A

lack a cell wall and thus are soft

46
Q

What are mendosicutes?

A

archaea with unusual cell walls

47
Q

What is the percent of genes all bacteria share?

A

70 - 80

Microbiology (12 decks)

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