Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Lecture 12: Innate immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Innate immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense?

A
  1. surface defenses
  2. innate immunity
  3. adaptive immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Is the surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the first line of defense?

A

physcial, chemical, and genetic barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Is a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the second line of defense?

A

Inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytes and complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the first line of defense have barriers?

A

at the portals of entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the skin?

A

tightly packed epithelial cells
keratin
lysozyme, salt, and sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the mucous membranes?

A

mucociliary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the eye

A

tears (lysozyme & salt)

epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the mouth?

A

saliva (lysozyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the stomach?

A

acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the genitourinary?

A

urine flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the defense mechanism of the genetic defenses?

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system (RES)?

A

a communicating compartment of the body that provides passageway within and between organs and tissues, coexists and helps form niche for collection of phygocytic cells (mononuclear phagocyte system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the RES packed with?

A

Macrophages that recognize nonself markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the reticulum of the RES?

A

a support network of connective tissue fibers surrounding all organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the thymus the site of?

A

White blood cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What parts of the body make up the RES?

A 
thymus
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
lympoid tissue of the gut and respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do macrophages of the RES wait to attack?

A 
skin
lungs
liver
Lymph nodes
spleen
Bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

Transports lymph through an increasingly larger tributary system of vessels and lymph nodes, leading to major vessels that drain back to the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. return extra fluid to the circulatory system
  2. “drain-off” system for the inflammatory response
  3. watches, recognizes, and protects against foreign materials in the body through lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is lymphatic fluid and what is its purpose?

A

It is a plasmalike liquid that is carried by lymphatic circulation and it transports numerous white blood cells. It also transports fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents that have gained access to tissue spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are lymphatic vessels comparable to?

A

thin-walled veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels?

A

everywhere except the central nervous system, bone, placenta, and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are lymphatic vessels easily permeable to?

A

extracellular fluid from the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are many lymphatic vessels found?

A

Found in high numbers in the hands, feet, and around the areola of the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the pattern of lymph flow?

A

Lymph flows from the extremities to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is the only way lymph can move?

A

Lymph moves only through the contraction of the skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What occurs at the thymus?

A

t-cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where do t-cells go?

A

T cells subsequently migrate to and settle in the lymph nodes and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes and how are they stationed?

A

Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs

Stationed in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are the 3 main sites of lymph nodes found?

A

the armpit (axillary nodes)

groin (inguinal nodes)

neck (cervical nodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

serves as a filter for blood by removing worn out red blood cells as well as filters out pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do adults without a spleen differ from children without a spleen?

A

adults can live a relatively normal life, but children’s immune system becomes severely compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is the spleen related to hemorrhages?

A

spleen can store blood that is released in the event of a hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and what does it do?

A

discrete bundles of lymphocytes on or just beneath the intestinal mucosa

provides an effective first-strike potential against the constant influx of microbes in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What 2 things are made of GALT?

A

appendix and lacteals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are peyer’s patches?

A

a cluster of lymphocytes in the ileum of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are sites similar to GALT found?

A

respiratory tract and tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do breasts of pregnant and lactating women become?

A

antibody-producing lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What makes up whole blood?

A

blood cells
plasma
serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the production of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are stem cells?

A

the start of new blood cells in the bone marrow

45
Q

What are examples of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

46
Q

What are examples of agranulocytes/

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells), monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

47
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

48
Q

What are platelets?

A

crucial part in the blood clotting process

tiny plate-shaped cytoplasmic bags of blood-clotting chemicals

49
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

monocytes (form macrophages)
macrophages (phagocyte)
neutrophils (phagocytes and granulocytes)

50
Q

What are eosinophils and what do they respond to?

A

Fungus, helminths, inflammatory reactions

51
Q

What are basophils and what do they respond to?

A

inflammatory events, allergies

52
Q

What do mast cells respond to?

A

allergic response

53
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Kills host cells that contain intracellular pathogens

54
Q

What are t cells?

A

Small lymphocyte, some kill infected host cells, others regulate adapted immune response

55
Q

What are B cells?

A

Small lymphocyte, when activated, differentiates into plasma cells

56
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Lymphocyte, makes antibodies

57
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Stimulates B cells to differentiate

Presentation of foreign antigens

58
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms that play a role in 2nd line of defense?

A

Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Interferon
complement

59
Q

What are the main functions of inflamation?

A

Mobilize and attract immune components to injury
Start tissue repair, localize and clear harmful substances
Destroy and block further invasion of microbes

60
Q

What are the functions of phagocytosis?

A

Survey tissue and find microbes, particulates, injured/dead cells
Ingest and eliminate
Extract any immunogenic info from what was ingested

61
Q

What 3 cells participate in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, macrophages

62
Q

What is an early sign of infection?

A

increased neutrophils in the blood

63
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

specialized macrophages, in certain tissues (lung, liver, skin, spleen, lymph, bone marrow, kidney, bone, brain) – take up permanent residence

64
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns, shared by many organisms… “red flags”

65
Q

What are PRRs? and where are they found?

A

Patter recognition receptors and they are found on phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes

66
Q

What do PRRs do?

A

They recognize and then bind PAMPs

67
Q

Do all cells have PRRs?

A

Yes

68
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)?

A

Inherited disorder

Defective phagocytes, can ingest but not kill

69
Q

What happens if you have CGD?

A

serious recurring bacterial infections before the age of 2

70
Q

What does a capsule around a cell do?

A

prevents phagocytosis

71
Q

How does mycobacterium tuberculosis work?

A

it escapes destruction and uses the phagocyte to multiple

72
Q

What 2 types of cells kill extracellularly?

A

eosinophils and nk cells

73
Q

How do eosinophils kill extracellularly?

A

They attack helminths by attaching to them then secrete toxins to kill it. When there are high levels of eosinophils you can assume there is a helminth infection

74
Q

How do Nk cells kill extracellularly?

A

They secrete toxins onto the surface of infected cells or tumors

75
Q

What are cytokines?

A

small active molecules produced by monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, platelets and endothelial cells that are suppose to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and control cell development, inflammation, and immunity

76
Q

What is rubor?

A

redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue

77
Q

What is calor?

A

warmth caused by the heat given off by the increased flow of blood

78
Q

What is tumor?

A

swelling caused by fluid escaping into the tissues

79
Q

What is dolor?

A

pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings

80
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The movement of wbcs from blood vessels to tissues

81
Q

How do WBCs get transported?

A

The endothelial cells lining venules have adhesive receptors that captrue them and transport them to intracellular spaces

82
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus for example cells swarm to infection and perform immune functions

83
Q

What are the benefits of edema and leaky vessels?

A

the increase of fluid dilutes toxic substances and the clotting of fibrin from the vessels can prevent the spread of toxins and the neutrophils are involved in phagocytoses and destroying bacteria

84
Q

What is pus?

A

the accumulation of white mass of cells, debris, and bacteria

85
Q

What is pyogenic?

A

bacteria that stimulates the formation of pus

86
Q

What are the classifications for a fever of unknown origin?

A

intermittent fever great than 101 f that lasts longer than 3 week

87
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

substances that make the hypothalamus regulate temperature to a higher setting

88
Q

What are exogenous and endogenous pyrogens?

A

exogenous are products of infection and endogenous are cells of the body

89
Q

What are benefits of fever?

A
  1. inhibits certain viruses that need cold temperatures
  2. reduces nutrition of bacteria
  3. increases metabolism which increases immune reactions
90
Q

What are the side effects of a fever?

A

tachycardia, tachypnea, and lowers seizure threshold

91
Q

What are interferons?

A

proteins that prevent viral replication, but are not virus specifc

92
Q

What are interferons produced by? and which is the most powerful?

A

alpha and gamma by t cells

beta by fibroblasts (most powerful)

93
Q

What diseases are interferons used to treat?

A

luekemia, herpes, hepatitis,

94
Q

What are defensisn?

A

Small peptides that function nonspecifically to protect against a broad range of pathogens

95
Q

What do defensins do?

A
  1. Punch holes in cytoplasmic membranes
  2. Interfere with internal signaling and other metabolic processes
  3. Interfere with the protein that preserves the shape of bacterial proteins under heat stress
96
Q

Does inflammation increase of decrease the production of defensins?

A

increase

97
Q

How do you lose nk cells?

A

repeated viral infections

98
Q

What is complementing?

A

the process of 26 blood proteins that work together to destroy bacteria and some viruses

99
Q

How does complementing work?

A

there is a chemical series and the first is activated then the second then the third and so on?

100
Q

what are the 3 pathways of how they are activated?

A

classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway

101
Q

What is the classical pathway?

A

initiated either by the foreign cell membrane of a parasite or a surface antibody

102
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

activated when components of the complement pathway recognize and bind to pathogen membranes
quicker response than the classical pathway

103
Q

What is the lectin pathway?

A

mannose binding proteins (lectins) must bind to mannose residues on the surface of pathogens in order for the pathway to proceed

104
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

RBCs

105
Q

Where is transferrin found?

A

in blood and tissue fluids

106
Q

Where is lactoferrin found?

A

milk and saliva

107
Q

Where is ferritin found?

A

every cell

108
Q

What are siderophores?

A

proteins produced by bacteria that are able to take iron from other proteins

109
Q

Are peptides able to kill microbes?

A

yes trying to use them to make drugs

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions