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Physiology 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are one to one synapses used for?

A

To convey information

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2
Q

What are one to many synapses used for?

A

To amplify a signal

-motor neurons in spinal cord

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3
Q

What are many to one synapses used for?

A

REALLY COMMON

-allows for integration of many signals and decides the proper response

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4
Q

What effect to excitatory post synaptic potentials have on the cell? What NT do this?

A
  • depolarize the cell
  • opening of sodium channels
  • glutamate and acetylcholine
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5
Q

What effect to inhibitory post-synaptic potentials have on the cell?

A

Hyperpolarize the cell

  • opening of chloride channels
  • gaba and glycine
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6
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Time in between impulses

-can be from one or more pre-synaptic cells

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7
Q

What happens when impulses overlap?

A

The membrane does not completely re polarize in between impulses
-effects are additive

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8
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Multiple inputs at the same time

  • multiple pre-synaptic cells provide input at the same time to the same post-synaptic
  • impulses add together
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9
Q

What is short term depression?

A

Repeated stimulation can expend the stored NT and you will run out and the signal will stop

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10
Q

How do NT differ from hormones?

A

NT are just dumped on the cell and hormones travel by blood to reach their target organ

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11
Q

What must a neurotransmitter be?

A
  • synthesized in a presynaptic cell
  • released from pre-synaptic upon stimulation
  • elicit a response similar to the normal response
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12
Q

Where is acetylcholine stored?

A

In vesicles

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13
Q

When is acetylcholine released?

A

In response to increased calcium influx into nerve terminal

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14
Q

How is acetylcholine broken down?

A

By acetylcholine esterase

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15
Q

What are biogenic amines derived from?

A

Derived from amino acids

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16
Q

What are the two things that break down biogenic amines

A
  • monoamine oxidase

- catechol-o-methyltransferase

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17
Q

What are examples of biogenic amine

A
  • tryptophan (serotonin and melatonin)

- histidine (histamine)

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18
Q

What are some examples of amino acids that act as neurotransmitters?

A

GABA, glutamate and glycine

19
Q

What are gaseous transmitters?

A

Cell permeant gasses that act on post synaptic cells (NO)

20
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

Act on presynaptc cell to affect amount of NT release

-can also be co-secreted with NT to modulate post synaptic response

21
Q

What are neruohormones?

A

Made by neurons and released into blood stream to have effects
-ADH

22
Q

What are purines?

A
  • released along with NT to augment effect

- ATP and norepinephrine increases VSMC contraction

23
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

-receptor is an ion channel

24
Q

Nicotine receptors are primarily what kind of channels?

A

Sodium channels

25
Q

GABA are usually what kind of channels?

A

Chloride channels

26
Q

Ionotropic receptors opening and closing depends on what?

A

Binding of a ligand

27
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

Receptors coupled to an intracellular protein

-binding of ligand activates intracellular protein to generate second messenger molecules

28
Q

What do the second messengers do?

A
  • can interact with and alter ionic ion channels

- can activate kinases to eventually alter transcription

29
Q

What are receptor tyrosine kinases?

A
  • metabotropic receptors
  • growth factor signaling
  • starts kinase cascade to change transcription
  • INSULIN
30
Q

What are receptor tyrosine phosphatases?

A
  • growth factor signaling

- dephosphorylates something

31
Q

What are the secondary messengers that G-protein coupled receptors generate?

A

cAMP or IP3

32
Q

Gs and Gi alter the activity of what secondary messenger?

A

CAMP

33
Q

What does Gs do?

A

Stimulates adenylate Cyclase which means increases cAMP

34
Q

What does Gi do?

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase which decreases cAMP

35
Q

What is cAMP degraded by?

A

Phosphodiesterase

36
Q

What does Gq do?

A

-activates phospholipase C to make IP3 and DAG

37
Q

What does IP3 do?

A

Can open calcium channels on intracellular stores

38
Q

What does DAG do?

A

Can activate a kinase cascade through PKC

39
Q

Where are Beta 1s located?

A

Predominantly in the heart

-cAMP in heart contracts

40
Q

Where are Beta 2s located?

A

In smooth muscle

-cAMP in smooth muscle relaxes

41
Q

What do muscarinic receptors respond to?

A

Acetylcholine

42
Q

What do Beta adrenergic respond to?

A

Epi and norepinephrine

43
Q

What does guanalyl cyclase do?

A

Makes cGMP

Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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