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Physiology 1 > Intro and body fluid > Flashcards

Intro and body fluid Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology?

A

-study of normal function of the body and how the body maintains those normal functions

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2
Q

what is homeostasis?

A
  • steady state
  • inputs change and produce error, but outputs remain normal
  • requires energy input
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3
Q

in general, what is feedback control?

A

-how we sense and react to changes to maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

what is negative feedback control?

A
  • output reduces initial error

- generally good

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5
Q

what is positive feedback control?

A
  • output in the same as the initial error
  • rare
  • ALWAYS leads to an event
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6
Q

in regards to feedback, when does disease and pathology occur?

A
  • when errors exceed ability of control system to adjust

- eventually, body can no longer compensate for errors

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7
Q

compensation is never complete as long as…

A

error signal exists

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8
Q

what is full compensation

A
  • the body’s best response

- normal function may or may not be restored

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9
Q

what is the range like for serum potassium and why is that important?

A
  • super tight range 3.5-5mEq/L
  • as little as 1mEq/L change can lead to death
  • changes electrical activity of the heart
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10
Q

what are old people more likely for heat stroke?

A

-lose muscle mass as you age so you have less water

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11
Q

what percentage of body weight is water?

A

60%ish

-varies with age, race, fitness level

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12
Q

what is the relationship of water and body fat?

A
  • inverse!

- more body fat means less water

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13
Q

what are the two compartments of body water?

A
  • intracellular fluid

- Extracellular fluid

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14
Q

which water compartment is he biggest?

A

ICF

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15
Q

which compartment is it where all of the changes are actually happening?

A

ECF

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16
Q

which compartment allows for metabolic reactions?

A

ICF

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17
Q

what is intracellular fluid?

A
  • fluid inside ALL of the cells of the body
  • maintained by the cell membrane
  • allows all solutes to be dissolved in the same medium
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18
Q

what are the two parts of extracellular fluid?

A
  • interstitual fluid

- plasma

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19
Q

what are the two compartments of ECF separated by?

A

capillary wall

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20
Q

what is interstitual fluid?

A

-fluid around cells

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21
Q

what is plasma?

A

-fluid portion of blood

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22
Q

in which compartment would you expect the greatest volume change as a result of sweating?

A

ECF

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23
Q

what is ICF mostly made of? ECF?

A

ICF: potassium and proteins
ECF: sodium and chloride

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24
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

amount of stuff dissolved in water

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25
Q

the number of ions in water (mOsm) is important when considering what?

A

concentration gradients

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26
Q

the charge of dissociated ions (mEq) is important when considering?

A

electrochemical gradiants

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27
Q

what is pH?

A

-negative log of the amount of acid

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28
Q

what is found in plasma and not in interstitual fluid? why?

A
  • proteins!!!

- proteins are too big to get through the capillaries

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29
Q

what are the three things that are dependent on gradients and necessary for life?

A
  1. communication uses potassium gradient (fire action potentials)
  2. proper absorption of nutrients uses sodium gradient
  3. movement of muscles uses movement of calcium
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30
Q

compartment content is based on what?

A

-membrane permeability

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31
Q

what does the capillary membrane filter based on?is it selective or nah?

A
  • based on size

- not selective

32
Q

is the cell membrane selective?

A

yes! very selective!

33
Q

what can cross the cell membrane?

A
  • small, non polar solutes
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • ethanol
34
Q

why is water allowed across the cell membrane?

A

its polar, but there is so much that it gets across by mass action

35
Q

what are the two ways things can get across selectively membranes?

A
  • channels

- transport proteins

36
Q

what are channels? are they specific? do they need a gradient?

A
  • holes in the membrane for specific solutes to move along a gradient
  • can be specific or not
  • needs a gradient
37
Q

what are transport proteins?

A
  • bind to large solutes to more with or against gradient

- can use a gradient or not

38
Q

which transport needs energy?

A

active transport

39
Q

how does passive transport move things?

A
  • with the gradient (from high concentration to low)

- diffusion or facilitated diffusion

40
Q

how does active transport move things?

A
  • against the gradient (from low to high)

- energy required

41
Q

what is diffusion?

A

-movement of solutes from an area of higher to lower concentration

42
Q

what two things would make diffusion go faster?

A
  • larger gradient

- higher temperature

43
Q

what is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

A

-facilitated diffusion uses a transport protein

44
Q

in order for a solute to diffuse through a membrane, what must the membrane have?

A

-it must be permeable to that solute

45
Q

in active transport, the carrier proteins are usually called what?

A

-ATPase, porter, or exchanger

46
Q

what is symport?

A

-active transport that moves different solutes in the same direction

47
Q

what is an example of symport?

A

moving sodium and glucose into the cell into the small intestine and kidney
-SGLT1

48
Q

what is an example of secondary active transport?

A

SGLT1

49
Q

what is antiport?

A

-active transport moving different solutes in opposite directions

50
Q

what is an example of antiport?

A
  • NCX
  • moving calcium out of the cell and sodium into the cell
  • retina
51
Q

what distinguishes the different types of active transport?

A

-based on where the energy is expended

52
Q

what is primary active transport?

A

-ATP is used to directly move the solutes

53
Q

what is secondary active transport?

A

-the gradient set up by the primary transport is used to move the solutes

54
Q

what is tertiary active transport?

A

-cargo brought in by secondary transport is used to bring in another solute

55
Q

how does digitalis increase strength of cardiac contractions?

A
  • inhibits sodium/calcium channel
  • makes a smaller gradient
  • less sodium coming into cell, so less calcium is kicked out of the cell
  • if the cell has more calcium, the muscle contracts more
56
Q

what is the transport maximum?

A

-max rate of transport movement

57
Q

when does saturation of transporters occur?

A

-when concentration of a solute is greater than the number of available transporters can handle

58
Q

does the transportation rate always increase when you increase the concentration of the solute?

A

no!

-if youre already at the max rate, it wont matter if you add more solute because its already going as fast as it can.

59
Q

what causes glucosuria in diabetes?

A

-glucose transporters reach max and so there is a build up of solute in urine

60
Q

what kind of specificity do transport proteins have?

A

-stereospecificity

61
Q

how do you trick transport proteins?

A

-hook a medication onto the thing it can bind to so the medication can be transported too

62
Q

what would the transport rate do if the concentration of sodium through a channel was increased by 100%

A
  • the rate would double!

- channels dont care or have max rates because theyre just diffusion

63
Q

what are the channels in cell membranes that let water through called?

A

aquaporins

64
Q

what generates a pressure difference?

A

-difference in concentration of solutes that cannot pass through a membrane

65
Q

pressure difference pushes water in what direction?

A

-pushes water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

66
Q

pressure that stops movement is what?

A

osmotic pressure

67
Q

what is osmosis?

A

THE DIFFUSION OF WATER EXCEPT NOT REALLY LOL JK

68
Q

if something can freely move across a membrane, will it cause osmotic pressure?

A

nah slut

69
Q

a solute is on the scale 1-0, what is 1 and what is 0?

A

1-not permeable (glucose)

0-fully permeable (oxygen)

70
Q

what is tonicity?

A

-comparison of two fluids separated by a semi-permeable membrane, with respect to the bathing solution

71
Q

what is hypotonic (hyposmotic)

A
  • the INSIDE of the cell has more dissolved solutes

- water rushes in to help

72
Q

what is isotonic (isomotic)

A
  • dissolved solutes are equal

- no net water movement

73
Q

what is hypertonic (hyperosmotic)

A
  • less solute inside the cell

- water rushes out of the cell

74
Q

why don’t you just shoot water into someones veins?

A

-you would lyse their RBC because water would rush in due to hypotonic environment

75
Q

how does sweating effect the osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

A

ECF-volume of water goes down, so osmolarity goes up

ICF-the increased osmolarity of ECM causes the volume in ICF to go down and in turn, its osmolarity goes up.

76
Q

all fluid changes originate in ECF or ICF?

A
  • originate in ECF

- may or may not affect ICF

Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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