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Equine Medicine > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 causes of colic in the foal?

A
  1. Meconium impaction
  2. Lethal white foal syndrome
  3. Gastric ulcers
  4. Hernias
  5. Intusecceptions
  6. Milk intolerance
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2
Q

What are 6 clinical signs of colic in the foal?

A
  1. Recumbancy; rolling
  2. Abdominal distention
  3. Grinding of teeth
  4. Generalized pain
  5. Lack of feces production
  6. Decreased nursing
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3
Q

What are your treatment options for meconium impaction?

A

Enemas:

  1. Phosphate
  2. Warm water and soap
  3. Acetylcysteine
  4. Mineral oil PO
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4
Q

How does acetylcysteine work to treat meconium impaction?

A

Decreases viscosity of meconium by cleaving disulfide bonds.

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5
Q

What are 5 clinical signs associated with gastric ulcers?

A
  1. Teeth grinding
  2. Excessive salivation
  3. Colic
  4. Decreased appetite
  5. Diarrhea
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6
Q

What are your treatment options for gastric ulcers?

A
  1. Omeprazole
  2. Ranitidine
  3. Cimetidine
  4. Sucrulfate
  5. Bismuth solutions
  6. Antacids
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7
Q

What is the “go-to” drug for treating gastric ulcers in the foal?

A

Omeprazole (Gastrogaurd)

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8
Q

Which type of hernias can cause colic?

A

Scrotal or inguinal

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9
Q

Which type of hernia typically does NOT cause colic?

A

Umbilical

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10
Q

What are 4 common causes of diarrhea in the foal?

A
  1. Nutritional
  2. Infectious
  3. Foal heat
  4. Antimicrobial-induced
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11
Q

What are the causes of nutritional diarrhea?

A

Typically associated with artificial diets:

  1. Milk replacer
  2. Grains in older foals
  3. Sand
  4. Lactose intolerance
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12
Q

Foal heat diarrhea is a physiological diarrhea that occurs between ___ and ___ days of age.

A

7 and 14 days of age

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13
Q

How would one treat foal heat diarrhea?

A

Usually no treatment necessary. This is a mild and transient diarrhea.

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14
Q

According to the study by Hollis in 2008, what is the most common organism involved with infectious diarrhea in the foal?

A

Enterococcus

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15
Q

What clinicopathologic abnormalities would you expect with an infectious diarrhea in a foal?

A
  1. Hypokalemia
  2. Hyponatremia
  3. Hypochloremia
  4. Hypocalcemia
  5. Hypoproteinemia
  6. Metabolic acidemia
  7. Azotemia
  8. Neutropenia
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16
Q

What are (5) treatment options for a bacterial-induced diarrhea in a foal?

A
  1. IV fluids; colloids
  2. Nutritional supplementation
  3. Anti-inflammatory drugs
  4. Correct electrolyte derangements
  5. Antimicrobial therapy
17
Q

What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with general diarrhea in the foal?

A
  1. Hyponatremia
  2. Hypokalemia
  3. Hypocalcemia
  4. Hypochloremia
  5. Azotemia
  6. Hypoproteinemia
  7. Metabolic acidosis
  8. Neutropenia
18
Q

When would you consider a plasma transfusion?

A
  1. Hypoproteinemia

2. Metabolic acidosis

19
Q

When would you consider HCO3 supplementation?

A

Metabolic acidosis

20
Q

What is the equation to determine how much HCO3 to supplement with?

A

% Deficient x BW x 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5

21
Q

When would you consider antimicrobial therapy?

A

Neutropenia

22
Q

What is the most common viral cause of diarrhea in the foal?

A

Rotavirus

23
Q

What are 2 methods to diagnose a Rotavirus infection?

A
  1. ELISA

2. Latex agglutination

24
Q

What (4) antimicrobials can induce diarrhea in the foal?

A
  1. Ceftiofur
  2. Sulfa drugs
  3. Tetracyclines
  4. Erythromycin
25
Q

What is the cause of proliferative enteropathy in the foal?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

26
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis is a ____ ____ organism.

A

Obligate intracellular

27
Q

How is Lawsonia intracellularis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

28
Q

Which portion(s) of the intestine does Lawsonia intracellularis affect?

A
  1. Distal jejunum

2. Ileum

29
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis most commonly affects ____ aged foals.

A

WEANLING (4-6 months)

30
Q

You are presented with a weanling foal with peripheral edema and weight loss. What is your number one differential?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

31
Q

What are (3) medications you could utilize to treat Lawsonia intracellularis?

A
  1. Erythromycin-rifampin
  2. Oxytetracycline
  3. Chloremphenicol

Equine Medicine (9 decks)

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